2017高考英语一轮语法对点讲练：7 非谓语动词

　　语法对点讲练七　非谓语动词

　　非谓语动词有不定式、v.­ing形式和v.­ed三种形式：

　　非谓语动词 时态和语态 表达意义

　　不定式 一般式：to do/to be done 动作在谓语动词后发生

　　进行式：to be doing 动作与谓语动词同时发生

　　完成式：to have done/to have been done 动作在谓语动词之前发生

　　v.­ing形式 一般式：doing/being done 动作与谓语动词同时发生

　　完成式：having done/having been done 动作在谓语动词之前发生

　　v.­ed形式 —— 表示完成和被动

　　一、非谓语动词的功能

　　知识点讲解

　　1．作主语和表语

　　不定式作主语或表语往往是一次性的、具体的动作。常用it作形式主语。

　　v.­ing形式作主语或表语，表示一般或抽象的多次行为。常用句式：It is no use/good doing sth.或There is no point (in) doing sth.

　　③v.­ed形式不作主语，作表语时常表示主语的状态。

　　The window is broken.

　　2．作定语

　　不定式作定语表示将来的动作；表示第几个做某事的人或物，跟在特定的名词(ability, chance, way等)后。

　　He is always the first one to arrive at school.

　　v.­ing形式作定语时与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或表示所修饰名词的用途。

　　Please go to the meeting room.

　　⑥v.­ed形式作定语时表示与所修饰名词之间为被动关系。

　　3．作宾语补足语

　　不定式跟在一些特定的动词后作宾补： make, allow, order, urge, force, encourage等。

　　v.­ing形式作宾补时与宾语之间为主动关系。

　　⑨v.­ed形式作宾补时与宾语之间为被动关系。

　　4．特定动词后非谓语动词形式

　　以下词只接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, determine, decide, refuse, expect, hope, manage, want, fail, wish, ask, pretend, promise, happen, would like, set out等。

　　以下词只接v.­ing形式作宾语：advise, admit, enjoy, avoid, appreciate, delay, consider, miss, finish, practise, imagine, suggest, escape, resist, risk, can't help, feel like, insist on, set about等。

　　以下词作“需要”讲时，后接v.­ing主动形式表达被动含义：need, want, require(若用不定式则用to be done形式)。

　　My car needs washing/to be washed.

　　以下词可接不定式，也可接v.­ing形式，意义上基本相同：prefer, like, love, start, begin, hate, continue, intend等。

　　以下词可接不定式，也可接v.­ing形式，意义差别很大：

　　特别提示　

　　v.­ing形式还可以充当部分介词的宾语。

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①～)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·新课标卷Ⅰ)They might just have a place ________ on the writing course — why don't you give it a try?

　　A. leave

　　B. left

　　C. leaving

　　D. to leave

　　答案　__B__　知识点　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：写作课上还有一个名额，你为什么不试一试呢？leave作动词讲，可表示“使保留；留下备用”， leave和place属于被动关系，故left作place的后置定语，表示“剩下的位置；保留的位置”。

　　2．(2017·北京卷)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.

　　A. change

　　B. changing

　　C. changed

　　D. to change

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__④__

　　解析　句意：志愿者的工作给你改变生活的机会，并且包括你自己的。动词不定式充当定语表将来。

　　3．(2017·天津卷)In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ________ in daily conversations.

　　A. using

　　B. to use

　　C. having sued

　　D. used

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：在某些语言中，100个单词构成了日常生活中所用语言的一半。由句意知use与逻辑主语all words是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语，选项D正确。A、B项是主动形式不符合句意； C项不能作定语。

　　4．(2017·福建卷)________ basic first­aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

　　A. Known

　　B. Having known

　　C. Knowing

　　D. Being known

　　答案　__C__　知识点　__②__

　　解析　根据句子结构可知：本句缺少主语，故用v.­ing形式作主语。

　　5．(2017·德州二模)I made every effort to get the car out of the mud, but it remained ________ there.

　　A. sticking

　　B. to be stuck

　　C. stuck

　　D. to have stuck

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　remain在此处作系动词用，意思为“保持；仍然是；依旧是”。不定式作表语常用被动式，表示“某事有待于以后被处理”，指动作尚未发生；如：A lot of work remained to be done；现在分词作表语用来说明主语的特征如The dog is frightening；过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态，符合语境。此处stuck已经是一个由过去分词转换成的形容词了，意为“被卡住的；动不了的”，表示主语的状态。C项正确。

　　6．(2017·北京东城区练习二)I decided to risk ________ for a place to stay when I got there, rather than booking in advance.

　　A. to look

　　B. looking

　　C. looked

　　D. look

　　答案　__B__　知识点　____

　　解析　risk后只接动名词作宾语，不接不定式、过去分词和动词原形作宾语。故选B项。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　7．Jennifer will stop ________ (eat) dinner, so she may be late.

　　答案　to_eat　知识点　____

　　解析　由so she may be late可知，“Jennifer可能会迟到的”； stop doing sth.“停止做某事”； stop to do sth.“停下来，去做某事”。

　　8．(2017·衡阳八中质检)Why do you stand and watch the milk ________ (boil) over?

　　答案　boiling　知识点　____

　　解析　boiling为现在分词作宾语补足语。现在分词表示一个看到的正在发生的事情。

　　9．The machine has been used for several years. It needs ________ (repair)．

　　答案　repairing/to_be_repaired　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：这台机器已经用了几年了，需要维修一下了。sth.＋need＋doing用主动表被动含义，还可用need to be done。

　　10．Nowadays people separate their waste to make it easier for it ________ (reuse)．

　　答案　to_be_reused　知识点　____

　　解析　第二个it是不定式的逻辑主语。它指代their waste，与动词reuse存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故应用被动语态。make it easier to be reused是“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构，常用it作形式宾语，代替后边的不定式。

　　11．John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ________ (offer) him it.

　　答案　offering　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：约翰已经得到了那份工作，因为他给我看了提供给他工作的公函。letter与offer之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用现在分词作定语。

　　12．One learns a language by making mistakes and ________ (correct) them.

　　答案　correcting　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：一个人通过犯错误并纠正错误的方式学习语言。and连接两个动名词短语，作介词by的宾语。

　　二、非谓语动词作状语

　　知识点讲解

　　1．不定式作状语

　　①表示目的，常置于句首，用逗号与主句隔开；在句末时则不用隔开。

　　②表示结果，常用于句型：only/just to(表示意想不到的结果); too ... to ... (太……而不能……); so/such ... as to ... (如此……以至于……); enough for sb.to (足够做……)。

　　He was so excited as to be unable to speak.

　　The ice is thick enough to walk on.

　　③表示原因，常用于句型：主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do。

　　I was surprised to find him here.

　　2．v.­ing作状语

　　④表示原因，一般式表示动作与句子谓语动作同时发生；完成式表示动作早于主句动作发生。

　　Having been told the meeting was cancelled, I went home after work.

　　⑤表示时间，其动作在句子谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生均可。

　　While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Mary.

　　Having finished his homework, Tom went to play basketball.

　　⑥表示方式或伴随情况，常跟在句子后。

　　At the bell of the class, he came running into the classroom.

　　⑦表示结果，跟在句后。

　　The plane crashed, killing all the people on board.

　　⑧表示条件，置于句首或句末。

　　Working hard, you'll succeed one day.

　　⑨表示让步，置于句首或句末。

　　Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.

　　3．过去分词作状语

　　表示时间

　　When asked her further plans, she said that she wanted to be a nurse.

　　表示原因

　　Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.

　　表示条件

　　If taken according to the directions, the medicine has no side effect.

　　表示结果

　　The girl met with an accident, wounded in the head.

　　表示让步

　　Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in finding a job.

　　表示方式或伴随

　　The old man got off the bed, supported by his son.

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(～)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·新课标卷)The sunlight is white and blinding, ________ hard­edged shadows on the ground.

　　A. throwing

　　B. being thrown

　　C. to throw

　　D. to be thrown

　　答案　__A__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：阳光亮白而刺眼，在地上投射出轮廓清晰的影子。主语the sunlight与throw是主谓关系，故用throwing作伴随状语。

　　2．(2017·北京卷)________ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.

　　A. Find

　　B. Finding

　　C. To find

　　D. Found

　　答案　__B__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：她发现这门课程很难，就决定换门容易的。she和find存在主谓关系，故用v.­ing形式作状语。

　　3．(2017·山东卷)I stopped the car ________ a short break as I was feeling tired.

　　A. take

　　B. taking

　　C. to take

　　D. taken

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：我停下来休息一小会因为我感到累了。此题考查动词不定式作目的状语，故选C项。

　　4．(2017·福建卷)Anyone, once ________ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.

　　A. to be tested

　　B. being tested

　　C. tested

　　D. to test

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　anyone和test存在动宾关系故用tested短语作状语。

　　5．(2017·安徽卷)________ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.

　　A. To found

　　B. Founding

　　C. Founded

　　D. Having founded

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：这所学校创建于20世纪早期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found“建立”与句子的主语school之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词founded，既表被动又表完成。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　6．We gave away bulletins door to door to call on people to help others warm­heartedly, only ________ (stop) to have a drink from time to time.

　　答案　stopping　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：我们挨家挨户分发简报，目的是号召人们热心地帮助他人，(我们的回报)仅仅是时不时地停下来喝杯水。现在分词短语作伴随状语。“only＋不定式”表示出乎意料的结果，意为“不料；反而……”“想不到；结果却……”，与本句句意不符。例如：They reached the company out of breath only to be told they were fired.他们上气不接下气地赶到公司，不料却被告知他们被解雇了。

　　7．He woke up from a terrible dream only ________ (tell) that he was in another strange country.

　　答案　to_be_told　知识点　____

　　解析　不定式可以用作结果状语，通常与only连用，表示出乎主语意料的情况。he与tell之间存在被动关系；故用不定式的被动式。

　　8．________ (write) the composition, I handed it to the teacher and then ran out of the classroom.

　　答案　Having_written　知识点　____

　　解析　having written为现在分词的完成式，在句中作状语，表示原因。由于write的动作发生在hand和run之前，所以用完成式，不用一般式。

　　9．________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.

　　答案　Offered　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：被提供了一个新电影中的重要角色，安迪得到了一个成名的机会。offer与Andy之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词作状语。

　　三、非谓语动词的其他事项

　　知识点讲解

　　1．独立主格结构

　　非谓语动词本身有动词的特性，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，用独立主格结构表示。

　　名词/代词＋v.­ing形式，表示主动关系，或动作正在进行。

　　They seating themselves, the teacher began to tell the stories.

　　②名词/代词＋v.­ed形式，表示被动关系，或动作已结束。

　　Her glasses broken, she couldn't read the book.

　　名词/代词＋不定式，表示主动关系，动作未发生或即将发生。

　　Lots of homework to do, he has to go home.

　　特别提示　其他形式的独立主格结构：

　　名词/代词＋(being)＋形容词/副词

　　Summer holidays (being) over, students return to school.

　　名词/代词＋介词短语

　　Sword in hand, I followed him here and climbed in.

　　There/It being＋名词/代词/形容词

　　There being no one to turn to, he had to repair the car himself.

　　It being fine, we can go to the beach.

　　with/without复合结构

　　He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand.

　　2．非谓语动词的一些常用结构

　　have/get sth.done

　　You'd better have/get your car checked.

　　⑨make sb./sth.done

　　That's a special way to make myself understood.

　　⑩make/have/let＋sb.＋do

　　The teacher made/had/let us finish the homework.

　　get sb.to do sth.

　　You should get your parents to help you.

　　⑫find/catch sb.doing sth.

　　He was found/caught stealing in the shop.

　　⑬find sth.done

　　He found his room broken into.

　　⑭感官动词(feel, hear, see等)＋sb./sth.＋doing sth.

　　I saw him working in the garden.

　　感官动词(feel, hear, see等)＋sb./sth.＋done

　　Did you see the bridge washed away by the flood?

　　感官动词(feel, hear, see等)＋sb./sth.＋do sth.

　　I noticed my teacher enter the classroom.

　　be worth doing sth.(主动形式表示被动意义)

　　The film is well worth seeing.

　　be busy/occupied doing sth.

　　I'm busy writing a book.

　　⑲spend time/money (in) doing sth.

　　They spent three months learning French.

　　⑳have difficulty/trouble/a hard time (in) doing sth.

　　We have no difficulty (in) finding his house.

　　There is no point (in) doing sth.

　　There is no point (in) waiting for him any longer.

　　have no choice but to do sth.

　　get down to doing sth.

　　It is/was thought/believed/reported/said ... to do sth.

　　be＋adj.＋to do sth.

　　can/could do nothing but do sth.

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(～)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·北京卷)When we saw the road ________ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.

　　A. block

　　B. to block

　　C. blocking

　　D. blocked

　　答案　__D__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：当我们看到大雪封路，我们就决定在家度假。the road和block存在动宾关系，故用blocked作宾语补足语。

　　2．With all the magazines he needed ________， he left the library.

　　A. to borrow

　　B. to be borrowed

　　C. borrowed

　　D. borrowing

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　“with＋名词＋过去分词”结构，在句中作状语，表示原因。magazines与borrow之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词， he needed前省略了关系代词，是magazines的定语从句。

　　3．Many trees were planted on the mountain, most of them ________ good care of.

　　A. taking

　　B. taken

　　C. to take

　　D. having taken

　　答案　__B__　知识点　____

　　解析　most of them taken good care of为独立主格结构，其中most of them是逻辑主语，过去分词短语taken good care of是逻辑谓语，该结构在句中作状语。

　　4．(2017·黄山第二次质检)The Internet offers its users the chance to have the information they need ________ to them quickly and cheaply.

　　A. to deliver

　　B. deliver

　　C. delivering

　　D. delivered

　　答案　__D__　知识点　____

　　解析　题干中的they need为定语从句，本题考查“have＋宾语＋非谓语动词”结构，在这个结构中，作宾补的可以是不带to的不定式、现在分词和过去分词。不定式作宾补表示动作即将发生；现在分词作宾补，表示动作正在进行；过去分词作宾补表示被动和完成。information与deliver之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾补。所以选D项。

　　5．Luckily, all the passengers were reported ________ the air crash which happened last month in Paris.

　　A. to survive

　　B. to have survived

　　C. having survived

　　D. to have been survived

　　答案　__B__　知识点　____

　　解析　be reported to do sth.是一个固定用法，由于survive的动作发生在be reported之前，所以用不定式的完成式，不用一般式。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　6．I was scared and felt pretty anxious, this ________ (be) my first time in a new country.

　　答案　being　知识点　____

　　解析　逗号前已经是一个完整的句子，故使用独立主格结构。

　　7．The fresh air in the morning is pleasant ________ (breathe). You'd better get up early to do some exercise.

　　答案　to_breathe　知识点　____

　　解析　不定式用在作表语的形容词后时，如果与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，动词不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。

　　8．If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ________ (meet) an even greater challenge.

　　答案　to_meet　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：如果他承担这份工作，他将别无选择，只有迎接更大的挑战。have no choice but to do“别无选择；只能……”，为固定搭配。

　　9．Whom do you expect to have ________ (solve) the problem of over­loaded school buses?

　　答案　solve　知识点　____

　　解析　这是一个疑问句，陈述句的语序是“you expect to have whom solve the problem ...”。have“让”，是使役动词，采用have sb. do的表达形式，意思是“让某人做某事”。不定式作宾语补足语，不带to。

　　10．The police found few people ________ (stay) at the station and all the buses ________ (go)．

　　答案　staying;_gone　知识点　__，__

　　解析　第一个空填staying，是现在分词作宾补， people与stay之间为逻辑上的主谓关系， gone“走了；不在了；不见了”，是过去分词化了的形容词作宾补。

　　第三组　单项填空

　　11．You can never imagine what great trouble I have ________ this marble in my house.

　　A. found

　　B. for finding

　　C. finding

　　D. to find

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：你想象不到我在家里找这块大理石遇到了多少困难。have trouble in doing sth.“做某事有麻烦；有困难”， in可省略。

　　12．I noticed my little son ________ the words ________ on his small blackboard.

　　A. read; writing

　　B. reading; writing

　　C. to read; written

　　D. read; written

　　答案　__D__　知识点　____

　　解析　notice后接不定式作宾补时，不定式不带符号to。第二个空填written是过去分词作定语，表示“写在小黑板上的字”。

　　13．Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.

　　A. admitting

　　B. admitted

　　C. admit

　　D. to admit

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　do nothing but do“只能”，后面接不带to的不定式。句意：桑迪只能向老师承认他错了。

　　14．Johnson got down to ________ the roll of film as soon as he arrived home.

　　A. wash

　　B. develop

　　C. washing

　　D. developing

　　答案　__D__　知识点　____

　　解析　get down to“开始认真处理”，其中to是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动名词，“冲洗胶卷”用develop，不用wash。

　　第四组　语法填空

　　15．Whom would you like to have ________ (give) the speech on behalf of our class?

　　答案　give　知识点　____

　　解析　这是一个特殊疑问句，疑问词whom置于句首，它实际上是have的宾语， have是使役动词，用于have sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”，此结构中的不定式不带符号to。

　　16．— We didn't find the Blacks ________ (attend) the lecture.

　　— No one had told him about there ________ (be) a lecture the following day.

　　答案　attend;_being　知识点　__⑯，__

　　解析　find后面用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，不定式作感官动词的宾语补足语表示一个动作过程，而现在分词则表示一个正在进行的动作。there being是由“引导词there＋动名词”构成的独立主格结构，这个结构作介词about的宾语。

　　17．In order for everyone ________ (survive), serious changes need to be made in global development.

　　答案　to_survive　知识点　____

　　解析　in order for“为了；以便”； for everyone to do是不定式的复合结构。in order to do直接跟不定式， in order that接句子。

　　18．He stood at the door, his hands ________ his pockets, feeling rather frightened.

　　答案　__in__　知识点　____

　　解析　his hands in his pockets是“逻辑主语＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构，作方式状语，物主代词his可以省略。