【人教大纲版】2017届高考英语一轮复习精品学案：SBⅠUnits 7-8

　　SBⅠUnits 7-8

　　重点句型

　　1.Where there is a river, there is a city.

　　(SBⅠ U7)

　　凡有河流的地方必有城市。

　　where是连接副词，引导状语从句，意为“在/到……地方”，相当于介词in/at/to + the place + where从句（定语从句）。

　　where引导状语从句和定语从句的区别：

　　①where引导状语从句时，它的前面没有先行词，不能用“介词+which”替代。有时含有条件意味。

　　②where引导定语从句时它的前面有先行词，可用“介词+which”替代。

　　①Crops grow well __________________(在有……的地方) plenty of sunshine.

　　②You should put the book__________________ 　(回原处)．

　　③— Mom, what did your doctor say?

　　— He advised me to live ______ the air is fresher.

　　A. in where

　　B. in which

　　C. the place where

　　D. where

　　【答案】

　　①where there is

　　②where it was

　　③D　where引导的是地点状语从句，表示“住在空气更新鲜的地方”。选项C如果是in the place where也是正确的。“介词+which”不能替代引导状语从句的where，故不可选B项。

　　2. It is said to be the city’s largest ever cultural relics repair project. （SBⅠ U7）

　　据说它是这个城市最大的文化遗迹修复工程。

　　It is said that sb. do sth.

　　主动式 sb. is said to do sth./to be doing sth./to have done sth.

　　被动式 sth. is said to be done/to have been done

　　注意：表示在谓语动词（is said）之后才发生的动作用不定式的一般式(to do）；表示与谓语动词（is said）同时进行用不定式的进行式(to be doing)；表示在谓语动词（is said）的动作之前发生或完成的动作用不定式的完成式(to have done)。如果不定式与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式用被动式。

　　改写下列句子

　　①It is said that the boy is working on a model plane.

　　= The boy ________________________ on a model plane.

　　②They are said to have won the game.

　　= It ________________________ the game.

　　③— Is Bob still performing?

　　— I'm afraid not. He is said ______ the stage already as he has become an official.

　　A. to have left

　　B. to leave

　　C. to have been left

　　D. to be left

　　【答案】

　　①is said to be working

　　②is said that they have won

　　③A　从already 一词可以明显看出Bob离开舞台是过去已经发生的事情，故须用不定式的完成式。

　　与以上用法相同的句型还有：

　　It is believed/thought/reported that…

　　= sb. is believed/thought/reported to do sth.

　　= sth. is believed/thought/reported to be done

　　人们认为/据报道……

　　People consider that sb./sth.…

　　= sb. is considered to do

　　= sth. is considered to be done

　　人们认为……

　　3. Many of the sports were the same as they

　　are now. （SBⅠ U8）

　　许多项目和现在的相同。

　　the same as 意为“和……相同，与……一样”，表示同类事物。

　　the same that 意为“和……是同一个”，表示同一事物。

　　This is the same bag as I lost last week.

　　这与我上周丢掉的包是一样的。

　　This is the same/very bag that I lost last week.

　　这正好是我上周丢掉的那一个包。

　　such…as意为“像……这/那样的 ”，表示同类事物。

　　①This is the same book __________________(我丢失的) yesterday.

　　②Tom has changed a lot, and most of his classmates say that he is not the same (他过去那样)．

　　【答案】

　　①that I lost

　　②as what he used to be　what引导宾语从句，并作be的表语。

　　4. We will do everything we can to save our

　　city!(SBⅠ U7)

　　我们会尽力拯救我们的城市！

　　They do their best to win medals.(SBⅠ U8)

　　他们竭尽全力夺取奖牌。

　　句式①、②中，one can是定语从句，everything和all是先行词，省略了关系代词that；句式③中的what引导的是宾语从句；四个句式中的to do都是作目的状语。

　　注意：句式①、②、③中can后省略了动词do，后跟带to的不定式。

　　The doctors did everything they could to save his son.

　　医生们竭尽全力抢救他儿子。

　　try to do sth.（= attempt to do sth.） 试图做某事

　　make the greatest effort to do sth.

　　尽最大努力做某事

　　①I think we should _____________________________ (尽力阻止) the factory polluting the air.

　　②The student spent as much time as he could ______ spoken English.

　　A. practise

　　B. to practise

　　C. practising

　　D. practised

　　【答案】

　　①do everything we can to stop

　　②C　该题考查的是spend + time+ (in) doing sth.这一句式，as he could是定语从句，省略了动词spend，修饰time。 课文原句高考对照

　　Where there is a river, there is a city.

　　凡是有河流的地方，就有城市。

　　_____ unemployment and crime are high, it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.(2009江苏卷)

　　A. Before

　　B. Where

　　C. Unless

　　D. Until

　　解析：选B。句意：在失业率和犯罪率高的

　　地方，可以想象得到，后者是前者引起的

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　Strong, proud and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia.

　　坚强、自豪与团结的圣彼得堡人民是俄国的现代英雄。

　　After the long journey, the three of them

　　went back home, ______.(2008北京卷)

　　A. hungry and tiredly

　　B. hungry and tired

　　C. hungrily and tiredly

　　D. hungrily and tired

　　解析：选B。句意：长途旅程后，他们三个

　　回到家，又饿又累。本题考查形容词作状语

　　，表示伴随的情况。hungry and tired在句中

　　修饰the three of them, 如同strong, proud and

　　united在句中修饰people一样。　

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　It is said to be the city's largest ever cultural relics repair project.

　　这个工程据说是这个城市最大的文化遗址修复工程。 　

　　AIDS is said ______ the biggest health

　　challenge to both men and women in that

　　area over the past few years.(2006湖北卷)

　　A. that it is

　　B. to be

　　C. that it has been

　　D. to have been

　　解析：选D。句意：据说，在过去的几年中，

　　艾滋病对于那个地区的男女来说已是最大的健

　　康挑战。It is said that从句可转为sb./sth. Be

　　said to do/to be doing/to have done 的形式。由

　　于句中有时间状语over the past few years，故

　　而动词不定式里用完成结构，这是不同于“课

　　文原句”所在的地方。　

　　课文原句高考对照 课文原句高考对照

　　It is said to be the city's largest ever cultural relics repair project.

　　这个工程据说是这个城市最大的文化遗址修复工程。 　

　　It is often ______ that human beings are

　　naturally equipped to speak. (2009全国卷

　　Ⅱ)

　　A. said

　　B. to say

　　C. saying

　　D. being said

　　解析：选A。 　

　　语法精讲

　　——主谓一致

　　高考对主谓一致的考查有三个明显的特点：

　　1.考查基本的主谓一致规则。

　　2.增加试题的综合性，考查主谓一致的同时考查其他知识，如：时态、语态及句式（如：倒装句）。

　　3.增加试题的语境化因素。

　　语法一致的原则

　　(1)两个作主语的名词或代词由with或as well as连接时，谓语动词同with或as well as前的一个名词或代词的人称和数一致。这些介词短语（在句中作状语）还有：including, besides, except, but, together, together with, along with等。

　　例如：

　　The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.

　　老师和学生们在图书馆看书。

　　The room with its furniture was rented.

　　带家具的房间已租出。

　　(2)each以及由any-, every-, some-, no-构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。例如：

　　Somebody is asking you on the phone.

　　有人打电话给你。

　　但它们的反意问句用单复数均可。例如：

　　Everybody was watching TV, wasn’t he / weren’t they?

　　大家都在看电视，是吗？

　　(3)关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：

　　Those who want to go please put up your hands.

　　想去的请举手。

　　Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.

　　人类使用的有些能量来自太阳。

　　This is the only one of the books on the subject that has been written in Chinese.

　　这是唯一的一本有关这一科目的中文书。

　　(4)由every/no+名词+and+every/no+名词构成的词组作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

　　— Did you go to the show last night?

　　— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area

　　was invited.

　　(1)主语由and或both…and连接，谓语一般用复数，但如果表示同一概念，指同一个人或同一件事物时（这时and后的名词没有冠词），谓语动词就要用单数。例如：

　　Bread and butter is a daily food in the west. (bread and butter指的是一种食品：涂有黄油的面包)

　　黄油面包在西方是一种日常食品。

　　由and连接两个疑问词引导的从句或疑问词接不定式作主语，如果是一件事情的两个方面，谓语动词用单数形式；如果是两件事情，则用复数。例如：

　　Where and how to find the lost child is unknown to us.（指一件事情的两个方面）

　　我们仍不知道去哪里以及怎样找到丢失的孩子。

　　What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.（指两件事）

　　我的所思所想全都反应在我的试卷上。

　　(2)有些名词如police, public, people, cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

　　Are there any police around?

　　旁边有警察吗？

　　(3) 有些名词如news, works, physics, politics, means看似复数形式，但意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：

　　The news was very exciting.

　　这消息很令人激动。

　　(4)表示金钱、时间、价格、重量、长度、距离、温度等度量衡的名词词组以及书名等作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：

　　Three weeks is not enough to finish the work.

　　完成这项工作3周不够。

　　Ten yuan is enough.

　　10元钱就够了。

　　(5)有些集体名词如family, group, class, team, crowd, crew, company, population等，如果被认为是一个不可分割的整体，其谓语动词用单数；若强调它集合起来的一群人，则谓语动词用复数。例如：

　　My family is a big one.（指整个家庭）

　　我的家庭是个大家庭。

　　My family are watching TV.（指全体家庭成员）

　　我的家人正在看电视。

　　(6) the + adj.（或分词）用作主语，表示某一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

　　The young are usually very active.

　　年轻人通常都很积极。

　　The good in him is greater than the bad.

　　他的优点比缺点多。

　　(7)名词词组中心词是all, most, half, rest, part等，表示的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；反之，用单数。例如：

　　All of my classmates work hard.

　　我所有的同学学习都很努力。

　　All of the water is gone.所有的水都没了。

　　(8)(large) quantities of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语， large amounts of 修饰不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：

　　Large quantities of water are needed in the factory which we visited last week.

　　我们上周去参观的工厂需要大量的水。

　　(9)one and a half+复数名词； one or two+复数名词；more+复数名词+than one等结构作主语时谓语动词多用复数。例如：

　　One or two reasons were suggested.

　　有人提出了一两个建议。

　　就近一致的原则

　　(1)由具有选择意思的连词，如：not only…but also, or, either…or, neither…nor, whether…or等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词应与最靠近的主语保持一致。例如：

　　Either he or you are going there.

　　要么他，要么你将去那儿。

　　Is either he or you going there?

　　是他还是你去那儿呢？

　　(2)either of, neither of, none of之后接名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：

　　Either of them is right.

　　他们中每个都是对的。

　　(3)由“分数（或百分数）+of+名词”以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of, a large amount of, the rest of, a heap of, heaps of+名词”构成短语时，谓语动词的数根据of后的名词的数决定。

　　例如：

　　Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.

　　现场2/3的人都反对这个计划。

　　Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

　　地球表面的3/4是海洋。

　　(4)the number of+可数名词复数，the amount of+不可数名词，the quantity of+可数名词复数或不可数名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：

　　The number of students in our school is increasing.

　　我们学校学生数目在增加。

　　The quantity of books in the library is amazing.

　　图书馆的图书数量多得惊人。

　　(5)在倒装句中，谓语通常采取就近一致原则。例如：

　　Between the two windows hangs a picture and two swords.

　　这两扇窗户之间挂着一幅画和两把剑。

　　(6)There be结构中be的形式取决于靠近be的名词，若是单数名词则be为is / was, 若是复数名词，则be为are/were。例如：

　　There is a book and two pens on the desk.

　　桌子上有一本书和两支钢笔。

　　There are two pens and a book on the desk.

　　桌子上有两支钢笔和一本书。() 1. Barbara is easy to recognize as she's the only one of the women who______evening dress. (2010·全国卷Ⅱ)

　　A. wear

　　B. wears

　　C. has worn

　　D. have worn

　　B

　　考查主谓一致和时态。首先the only one of…为先行词时，定语从句修饰的是one，即one是主语，而非后面的复数women，根据主谓一致的原则，谓语动词应该用单数。另外，从“is”可以看出句子是要表示一种习惯，因此要用一般现在时。

　　() 2. It is reported that many a new house at present in the disaster area ______. (2010·陕西卷)

　　A. are being built

　　B. were being built

　　C. was being built

　　D. is being built

　　D

　　考查动词时态，语态及主谓一致。由时间状语at present可知此处动词表示的动作正在进行，主语与所填词是被动关系；many a+名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

　　() 3. Listening to loud music at rock concerts ______ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (2010·湖南卷)

　　A. is

　　B. are

　　C. has

　　D. have

　　C

　　动名词作句子的主语时谓语动词用单数，“听很响的音乐造成年轻人的听力损失”是主动的，根据句意用现在完成时，所以选择C项。

　　() 4. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting ______ at the culture show of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo. (2010·天津卷)

　　A. are exhibiting

　　B. is exhibiting

　　C. are being exhibited

　　D. is being exhibited

　　C

　　考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：像剪纸一样的天津民间传统艺术品正在2010上海世博会的文化展览中展出。因为2010年上海世博会现在还在进行着，所以像剪纸一样的天津传统民间艺术品也是“正在被展览”，所以用现在进行时态的被动语态形式，天津的传统艺术有许多所以谓语动词用复数。C

　　本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。书面表达：应用文写作技巧（一）书信

　　（1）信头：指发信人的地址和日期。（地址多数情况下可不写，日期一般要写）

　　（2）信内地址：指收信人的地址。（多数情况下可不写）

　　（3）称呼：指对收信人的称呼。对不相识的男子常用Sir, Dear Sir；对不相识的女子常用Madame, Dear Madame；对比较熟识的男子用Dear Mr…；对比较熟识的女子用Dear Mrs/Miss…（4）正文：正文是书信的主体。表达的内容要清楚，语言要简单明了。

　　（5）结束语：是写信人对收信人的谦称。一般的交际信可用Yours，或Yours faithfully/truly/sincerely；若对方是比较亲密的，可用Faithfully/Truly/Sincerely yours；给亲戚（包括家人）的信常用Love, Your (loving) son/daughter/sister/brother/cousin；给朋友的信可用Your friend。

　　（1）开头语：

　　①Thank you for your letter.

　　②I was so pleased to receive your letter.

　　③I often think of you. How have you been recently?

　　正文常用的开头语和结束语

　　（2）结束语：

　　①Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

　　②Please write back soon.

　　③Please give my love to your family.

　　体验高考

　　(2010·全国卷Ⅰ)假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华，你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛(speech contest)，希望附近某大学的外籍教师Smith 女士来做评委，请参照以下比赛通知给她写一封信。

　　英语演讲比赛

　　主题：人与自然

　　时间：6月15日下午2：00—5：00

　　地点：501教室

　　参赛选手：10名学生

　　联系人：李华(电话44876655)

　　欢迎大家光临

　　18

　　注意：词数100左右。

　　Dear Ms. Smith，

　　________________________________________________________________________

　　________________________________________________________________________

　　________________________________________________________________________

　　With best wishes，

　　Li Hua

　　One possible version：

　　Dear Ms. Smith，

　　I am Li Hua, Chair of the Student Union of Yucai Middle School, which is close to your university. I'm writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest to be held in our school on June 15. It will start at 2：00 pm and last for about three hours. Ten students will deliver their speeches on the given topic “Man and Nature”. We hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you. Please call me at 44876655 if you have any questions.

　　I am looking forward to your reply.

　　With best wishes，

　　Li 强化演练

　　以下是一张今年12月份某地大学生就业招聘会现场的图片。

　　21

　　因全球性的金融危机，我国大学生就业面临很大的压力。这种现象在你班引起了一场讨论(Is going to university useful？)。假如你是高三学生李华，请根据下表内容，向某英文报编辑写一封信，并谈谈你自己的看法。

　　注意：

　　1．词数：100左右。(开头和结尾已写好，不计入总词数)

　　2．可以适当增加细节。70%赞成(认为上大学有用)

　　1.上大学能多学些知识，将来肯定会有用。不然就不能适应快速发 展的社会

　　30%反对(认为上大学无用)

　　1. 上了大学，毕业后工作难找，有的薪水很低。

　　2. 有的成功人士也没有上过大学。

　　你的观点(并说明理由)

　　……

　　Dear editor，

　　These days we discussed about the graduates'(大学毕业生) difficulty in getting jobs because of the financial crisis. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua

　　One possible version:

　　Dear editor，

　　These days we discussed about the graduates'(大学毕业生) difficulty in getting jobs because of the financial crisis. In our class 70 percent of the students think that it is useful for us to go to university. Firstly, when in university, students can learn more knowledge. It will be useful for them in the future. Otherwise, they can't adapt themselves to society, which is developing very fast. Secondly, one's educational background is still the most important basis for the companies to employ staff.

　　But there are 30 percent of the students in our class don't agree with them. In their opinion, it is true that graduates find it more and more difficult to find a job because of the world-wide financial crisis. Even if employed, they're also low-paid. They show some examples who are very successful but they don't have university experience.

　　In my opinion, it is a good experience for us students to go to university after several years of hard working in senior middle school. We can become strong-willed, brave to face all kinds of difficulties and be full of self-confidence. / I think it is not very useful to go to university. If we have a chance, we can go directly to society. We may get much practice experience, which will result in our faster success than graduates.

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua