2017届高考英语一轮专题突破解题策略课件：5 必修3 阅读理解之篇章结构题（新人教版）

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　　　第一部分　必修三　 路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索 走向高考 · 英语 人教版 · 高考总复习 专题突破解题策略(五) 必修三 第一部分　基础知识聚焦 把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考题英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题，如安徽卷中的任务型读写题、江苏卷中的任务型阅读和湖南卷中的填空题就考查了考生对文章结构的理解。北京卷、陕西卷、重庆卷在近几年的阅读理解中也比较注重对文章结构的考查。在《考试大纲》中也明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。 阅读理解之篇章结构题 1.段落组织类题型 主要考查结构有总分；分总；总分总等形式。解答这种类型的题目，需把握全文的逻辑框架，理解段落与段落之间的关系：如并列，递进，转折，因果等，分析各段落与文章主旨之间的关系来确定全文的篇章结构特点。

　　[典例1]　(2015·陕西高考C) The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full­sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shade­grown production to full­sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological balance.

　　On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full­sun fields affects the area's birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits. Full­sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.

　　On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full­sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee­growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.

　　Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full­sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that loss of oxygen­giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.

　　It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shade­grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee. 57．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

　　[解析]　A　文章介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产给环境和生态带来的种种危害，呼吁人们不要购买这种咖啡，而要买对环境有利的产品。文章结构题。文章第一段介绍阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题，二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏，第五段说服人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。

　　2．写作手法类题型 作者采用不同方法来组织文章，如： (1)时间顺序。按照时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展，或某一研究成果由过去到现在的发展情况。 (2)空间顺序。按照事物的空间结构顺序，例如从左到右，从内到外，从整体到局部等进行描写或者说明。 (3)举例。所列举的事物用来佐证观点，通常是数据、事例等。

　　(4)类比。这类文章通常以对比事物之间的共同点或者差异为主。

　　解答该类型题目，考生要准确理解文章主旨大意，清楚地把握文脉，即句与句，段与段之间的逻辑关系，弄清作者的写作思路，才能做出正确的答案。 [典例2]　(2015·安徽高考E) Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat and when and how we eat them are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country. ...

　　Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red­colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity. Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world. 74．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by ________. A．using examplesB．making comparisons C．analyzing causes

　　D．describing processes [解析]　A　文章主要讲的是食物和文化的关系。不同的文化里包含着不同的饮食传统和庆祝方式。食物通过两种基本的方式在扮演着沟通的角色。根据倒数第二段“In China, when a baby is one month old...In many cultures, round foods”可知，作者主要使用了举例的方法来解释食物在庆祝中的角色。

　　[典例3]　(2017·陕西高考C) Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However，Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favorite TV show is over. According to Dr Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they

　　have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as

　　high­quality meats for each meal. After a visit to the United States，Mireille Guiliano, author

　　of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the

　　importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how

　　to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes

　　to the gym. In spite of all these differences，evidence shows that recent

　　life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today

　　the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is

　　only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing.

　　55．This text is mainly developed ________. A．by contrast

　　B．by space C．by process

　　D．by classification [解析]　A　在讲述生活方式对体重的影响时，本文采用了对比的方式，对比了美国人与法国人在生活方式上的差异，故答案是A项。 走向高考 · 高考总复习 · 人教版 · 英语

　　　第一部分　必修三