高三英语人教版总复习之语法专项突破课件：语法专项十六 构词法

　　必备知识梳理 1．复合名词的主要构成方式 名词＋名词 blood test 验血；half­moon 半月(形)；silkworm 蚕；classroom 教室；airport 飞机场 形容词＋名词 double­dealer两面派；shorthand速记；greenhouse温室 v.­ing＋名词 reading room阅览室；meeting room会议室；swimming pool游泳池 动词＋名词 breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手 名词＋v.­ing handwriting笔迹；sunbathing日光浴 动词＋副词 get­together联欢会；breakthrough突破 副词＋动词 downfall垮台；outbreak爆发 2.复合形容词的主要构成方式 形容词＋名词＋­ed cold­blooded冷血的；kind­hearted心肠好的 形容词＋名词 high­class高级的 形容词＋v.­ing good­looking好看的；easy­going随和的；fine­sounding动听的 形容词＋过去分词 newborn新生的；readymade现成的 形容词＋形容词 dark­blue深蓝色的；light­green浅绿色 名词＋v.­ing life­saving救生的；ocean­going远洋的 名词＋过去分词 handmade手工制作的；ice­covered冰雪覆盖的 名词＋形容词 nationwide全国性的；ice­cold冰冷的 数词＋名词＋­ed one­eyed独眼的；two­faced双面的 数词＋名词＋形容词 five­year­old五周岁的；two­metre­tall两米高的 3.复合动词的主要构成方式 名词＋动词 sleepwalk梦游 副词＋动词 overcome克服；undergo经历；overthrow推翻；understand明白 形容词＋动词 white­wash粉刷；blacklist列入黑名单 4．复合代词的主要构成方式 代词宾格或物主代词＋self(selves) ourselves我们自己；herself她自己；themselves他们自己 某些不定代词some(any, no， every)＋body(one, thing) everyone; everybody; everything; anyone; anybody; anything; nothing; something 二、转化法 转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。现就常见的转化法分类列举并归纳如下： 名词转化为动词 face脸—face面对 hand手—hand传递 nurse护士—nurse护理 形容词转化为动词 dirty脏的—dirty弄脏 narrow窄的—narrow变窄 clean干净的—clean打扫 动词转化为名词 find发现—find发现物 divide划分—divide分界处 waste浪费—waste废物 形容词转化为名词 daily每日的—daily日报 weekly每周的—weekly周刊 形容词转化为副词 deep深的—deep深深地 sure确信的—sure的确 三、派生法 派生法是英语主要的构词法。此方法是借助于前缀或后缀，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。 1．前缀构词法 前缀是加在一个词根前面的音节，它并不是独立的单词，但本身有一定的含义，它不改变词性，但改变原词义。 常见前缀： 前缀 例词 dis­(不，否定) dissatisfy使不满意；dishonest不诚实 un­(不) unable不能够；unlucky不幸的 un­(做相反动作) undress脱衣服；unload卸货 in­(不，非) inactive不活跃的；incorrect不正确的 im­(不，非) impolite没有礼貌的；impossible不可能的 ir­(不，非) irregular不规则的；irresponsible不负责任的 il­(不，非) illogical不合逻辑的；illegal非法的 前缀 例词 non­(不，非) non­existent不存在的； non­stop直达的 mis­(错误的；坏的) misunderstand误解；misfortune厄运 re­(重复，再) rewrite重写；remarry再婚 en­(使可能) enrich丰富；enable使能够 ex­(以前的，前任的) ex­president前任主席/总统；ex­wife前妻 super­(在……上面；超级) supermarket超市；supermodel超级名模 under­(在……之下) underestimate低估；underground地下的 前缀 例词 sub­(在……下；次于；低于) subway地(下)道；地铁；submarine潜水艇 inter­(相互之间) international国际的；interact相互作用 semi­(半) semi­final半决赛；semicircle半圆 multi­(多，多种) multi­national跨国的；multicoloured多种颜色的 kilo­(千) kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克 centi­(一百；百分之一) centimetre厘米；centigram厘克 milli­(毫；千分之一) millimetre毫米；milligram毫克 前缀 例词 tele­(远) telephone电话；television电视 a­(在……上/里；向……) aboard在船/火车/飞机上；ahead在前面；aside在旁边；abroad在国外 auto­(自己的，独自的) automobile机动车，汽车；autobiography自传 over­(太，完全，过度，多……) overfull太满的，过多的；overstudy用功过度 extra­(额外，以外，特殊) extraordinary非凡的；extramarital婚外的 pre­(预先，在……之前) predict预告；preview预习 2.后缀构词法 后缀是加在一个单词后面的音节，它本身一般也有一定含义，能够改变单词的词性，有的也可以改变词义。 (1)名词后缀 后缀 例词 ­age(状态；集合) shortage缺少；marriage婚姻 ­an/ian(人，……家) American美国人；Italian意大利人；musician音乐家 ­ence/­ency(构成抽象名词) dependence依靠；frequency频率 ­ance(性质，状态) importance重要性；significance意义 后缀 例词 ­ant/­ent(人) assistant助手；student学生 ­cion/­sion/­tion/­ation(动作，状态) suspicion怀疑；tension紧张；repetition重复；preparation准备 ­ee(动作承受者或受影响者) employee受雇者；refugee难民 ­er/­or(人或物) writer作家；actor演员；cooker炊具；tractor拖拉机 ­ess(女性) actress女演员；waitress女服务员；hostess女主人 ­ism(主义，……教) communism共产主义；socialism社会主义；Buddhism佛教 后缀 例词 ­ist(主义者，……家) communist共产主义者；dentist牙科专家；physicist物理学家 ­ment(行为；结果；状态；性质) argument争论；government政府；development发展 ­ship(关系，身份) friendship友谊；citizenship公民身份 ­hood(身份；性质；时代) childhood童年；neighbourhood街区；knighthood骑士身份 ­ty(状态；性质) plenty大量；difficulty困难；anxiety焦虑 ­ure(结果；行为；状态；实物) pressure压力；picture图画；pleasure高兴 ­al(动作过程；结果) arrival到达；approval同意 (2)形容词后缀 后缀 例词 ­able/­ible/­ble unbelievable不可信的；tolerable可忍受的；responsible负责的 ­al national国家的；continental大陆的 ­ed learned有学识的； talented有才华的 ­en golden金色的； woolen毛(织)的；wooden木制的 ­ful beautiful美丽的；useful有用的；colourful多彩的 ­ic/ical economic经济的；political政治的；electronic电子的 ­ish childish幼稚的； selfish自私的 后缀 例词 ­ive active积极的；productive有生产力的；creative有创造力的 ­less useless无用的；careless粗心的；meaningless无意义的 ­ly friendly友好的；deadly致命的；weekly每星期的 ­ous/­ious dangerous危险的；glorious光荣的；famous著名的 ­ward downward向下的；backward向后的 ­y rainy多雨的；noisy吵闹的；snowy下雪的 (3)动词后缀

　　后缀 例词 ­en(使变得，使成为……) lengthen延长；harden使变得坚固；deepen加深 ­fy(使……化) satisfy使满意；beautify美化；simplify简化 ­ize/­ise(使……变成……) realiz(s)e实现；industrializ(s)e使工业化 (4)副词后缀

　　后缀 例词 ­ly carefully小心地；beautifully美丽地；quickly迅速地 ­ward(s) forward向前；backwards向后；downwards向下；upwards向上 自主巩固练习 用所给单词的适当形式填空 (1)Her preparation course is helping her to get used to ________ (academy) requirements of a Western university. (2)A fireman ________ (accident) discovered the cause of the fire. (3)It cost ________ (approximate) $ 300—I can't remember it exactly. (4)________ (beg) can’t be choosers. (5)Other disabled people find the website ________ (benefit) because they can read about people with similar difficulties to their own. (6)She glanced ________ (casual) through a magazine as she waited. (7)The two of them are in a ________ (compare) financial situation. (8)He quit playing ____ (compete) football at the age of 24. (9)Man's social being determines his ________ (conscious)． (10)The caf has a relaxed ______ (continent) feel about it. (11)She has played a ________ (decide) role in the peace negotiation. (12)The man standing there is a ________ (distinguish) novelist and philosopher. (13)It is a ________ (drama) story about an invasion of the Earth by aliens from Mars. (14)The teachers are very ________ (enthusiasm) and friendly and the classrooms are amazing. (15)Building a new factory there would be ________ (environment) disastrous. (16)Yesterday we held a ceremony to welcome the ________ (honour) soldiers who just came back from Wenchuan. (17)To say you were ________ (ignore) of the rules is no excuse. (18)Tourists shouldn't miss the 103 bus which offers one of the most ________ (impress) routes. (19)His hesitation indicates ________ (will)． (20)You should ________ (loose) up your muscles before playing any sport. (21)This will help us achieve ________ (modern)． (22)Some groups, ________ (name) students and pensioners (退休人员), will benefit from the new tax. (23)Women increasingly went out to work, usually out of economic ________ (necessary)． (24)He breathed ________ (noise) through his nose. (25)He can be very ________ (persuade)． (26)The day before yesterday Professor Li made a speech ________ (plenty) of humor. (27)Our income has got smaller, so we must be ________ (reality) and sell our car. (28)The young woman is a ________ (reception) in a five­star hotel of international standard. (29)These resources can be ________.(access) (30)My grandfather is ________ (energy) and never feels tired. [答案]1.academic　2.accidentally　3.approximately

　　4．Beggars　5.beneficial　6.casually　 7.comparable　8.competitive 9．consciousness　 10.continental　11.decisive　12.distinguished

　　13．Dramatic 14.Enthusiastic 15.environmentally 16.honourable

　　17．ignorant　18.impressive　19.unwillingness　 20.loosen 21．modernization　22.namely　23.necessity　24.noisily　25.persuasive　26.plentiful　27.realistic　28.receptionist　29.accessible　30.energetic