2017届高考英语考前冲刺专题强化定语从句和名词性从句
[定语从句]
一、关系代词用that,which引导的定语从句
1.通常只用that的情况
当先行词为all,few,little,much,anything,nothing,everything,none等时;或者当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级和all,any,few,little,no,the only,the very,the last等词修饰时,定语从句的关系代词要用that;如果定语从句修饰两个先行词,其中一个指人,一个指物,那么定语从句的关系代词也应用that。
2.通常只用which的情况
当引导非限制性定语从句,指物或指代前面整个句子的内容,或放在介词后面指物时,只能用which。
[典例1] I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else's fault.
A.who B.that
C.as
D.what
[解析] something作先行词,引导词必须用that,并且此处that在从句中作主语,不能省略。
[答案] B
[典例2] After graduating from college,I took some time off to go travelling,________turned out to be a wise decision.
A.that
B.which
C.when
D.where
[解析] which代替前面整句话的内容“I took some time off to go travelling”,此处which引导非限制性定语从句。
[答案] B
二、who,whom,whose引导的定语从句
1.如果先行词是指人的不定代词,如:anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,one,ones,those,all等,关系代词在定语从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom/who。
2.在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词指人且作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom/who。
3.在定语从句中可以作定语的关系代词只有whose,表示物时相当于“the+名词+of+which”或“of+which+the+名词”;表示人时相当于“the+名词+of+whom”或“of+whom+the+名词”。
[典例3] I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ________I met in the English speech contest last year.
A.who
B.where
C.when
D.which
[解析] ________I met in the English speech contest last year是定语从句修饰several of the students,who在定语从句中作宾语。
[答案] A
3.where,when,why引导的定语从句
where,when,why的意义相当于“介词+which”。具体而言,where相当于“in/at+which”,when相当于“at/in/during+which”,why相当于“for+which”。
(1)关系副词where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示地点的名词。
(2)关系副词when引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作时间状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示时间的名词。
(3)关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,定语从句修饰的先行词必须是表示原因的名词。
[典例4] The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister________she would stay for an hour.
A.where
B.who
C.which
D.what
[解析] where引导的定语从句修饰限定先行词the training centre。
[答案] A
[典例5] (2011年高考浙江卷)A bank is the place ________ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.
A.when
B.that
C.where
D.there
[解析] 句意:银行是晴天时给你雨伞,下雨时收回雨伞的地方。由于从句结构完整,不缺少句子成分,所以先行词the place 在从句中要充当地点状语,故使用关系副词where 引导定语从句。
[答案] C
三、the way后面的定语从句的引导词
the way作先行词且其后定语从句的引导词在从句中作状语时引导词用in which,that或者省略。
[典例6] What surprised me was not what he said but ________he said it.
A.the way
B.in the way that
C.in the way
D.the way which
[解析] 本句中not...but连接两个并列成分,即________he said it和what he said作并列表语。the way作先行词,其后定语从句的引导词作状语可用in which,that,或者省略引导词。
[答案] A
[名词性从句]
根据在句中的功能名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它是从句,因此具有句子的特点,有主、谓成分,同时又具有名词性特点,这些从句和名词一样,在句中可以充当主语、宾语(包括介词宾语和动词宾语以及某些形容词后的宾语)、表语和同位语。
一、主语从句
1.分清引导主语从句的三类引导词:(1)that不充当句子成分,本身无意义,仅起连接作用,但不能省略,通常用it作形式主语。(2)who,whom,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever本身有意义,在句中作主语或宾语,不能省略。(3)where,when,how,why本身有意义,在句中作状语。
2.注意whoever,whatever,whichever等引导主语从句的含义。
3.由it作形式主语的句型
(1)It+be+形容词(obvious,natural,good,funny,etc.)+that从句。
(2)It+be+名词性词组(no wonder,an honour,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that从句。
(3)It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,etc.)+that从句。
(4)It+seem,happen等不及物动词及短语的相应形式+that从句。
(5)It doesn't matter/makes no difference,etc.+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。
点金
由what,whatever,whoever等引导的主语从句,必须置于主句的谓语动词之前,不能用it作形式主语。
[典例1] ________some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A.Whether
B.What
C.That
D.How
[解析] 该句的主语部分为________some people regard as a drawback;在该主语从句中regard后面缺少宾语,所以要用what,此处what既引导主语从句又在主语从句中充当宾语。that在句词性从句中不充当句子成分,本身无意义,仅起连接作用,故用在此处不正确。
[答案] B
二、宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中可以作动词的宾语,也可以作介词、某些形容词的宾语。
[典例2] (2011年高考上海卷)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ________others actually understand.
A.why
B.that
C.which
D.what
[解析] 句意:你想通过话语传达的信息也许正与其他人实际理解的完全相反。介词of后的宾语从句中understand缺少宾语,故用what,D为正确答案。
[答案] D
三、表语从句
1.that和whether引导的表语从句
that引导表语从句时,that本身没有词义,一般不可以省略(但在口语中有时也可以省略)。whether引导表语从句,表示“是否”,不能省略。
2.if一般不用来引导表语从句,但as if却可引导表语从句:
All this was over twenty years ago,but it was as if it was only yesterday.
3.主语是reason时,表语从句常用that,不用because,如:
The reason why he didn't come was that he was ill.
[典例3] Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield,was________it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A.what
B.that
C.why
D.whether
[解析] 在该句中有一个定语从句Charles Dickens loved his own novel,David Copperfield。做题的时候可以把定语从句去掉,句子的主干为:Part of the reason was ________it was rather closely modeled on his own life.很显然横线后面的是作was的表语,而该从句不缺成分,故要用that来引导。
[答案] B
四、同位语从句
同位语从句一般由that(不能用which,且that不能省略)或whether引导,有时也可以用when,where,how,why等引导。同位语从句常放在名词的后面,解释说明该名词的具体内容。同位语从句修饰的名词必须是一个表示事实等的抽象名词。fact,news,idea,truth,hope,information,belief,reply,doubt等。
高考秘笈
1.速判关系代词与关系副词
做题的关键是把先行词放到从句中,看它在从句中所作的成分。
(1)把先行词放到从句中后,如果不需要再添词从句就是完整的,那先行词就在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语(表所属关系),此时应选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)。
(2)把先行词放到从句中后,如果需要添介词才能使从句完整,那么先行词在从句中作状语,应选择关系副词(where作地点状语,when作时间状语,why作原因状语)。
2.名词性从句疑点、交叉点、热点、考点透视
(1)引导词的考查。这是对名词性从句的最为常见的考查。在判断名词性从句所缺少的引导词时,一看名词性从句缺不缺成分,缺什么成分;二是优先满足句子所缺的主语、宾语、表语等主干,在不缺少主干成分的前提下,根据语境选用其他引导词。
(2)考查从句的陈述语序,强调结构中名词性从句,含有复合宾语、被动语态或虚拟语气等的宾语从句等。
(3)加入一些插入成分割裂主句和从句,或改变句子的正常结构,从而增加句子的迷惑性和干扰性。
(4)利用whever引导的从句与“no matter+疑问词”引导的从句的相同点和不同点进行设空;利用what(ever)与which(ever)中前者无范围,后者有范围的特点设空;利用whoever与whomever的交叉点设空;利用whoever与those who谓语单复数不同设空。
1.(2011年高考新课标全国卷)The prize will go to the writer ______story shows the most imagination.
A.thatB.which
C.whose
D.what
解析:句意:奖品将发给故事最能展示其想象力的作者。whose 引导定语从句,且在从句中作定语,修饰 story;whose story 相当于 the story of whom。
答案:C
2.(2011年高考大纲全国卷)Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a Tshirt,________ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A.this
B.that
C.what
D.which
解析:句意:Ted仅穿着短裤和T恤来过周末,在这种天气下这样做真愚蠢。which引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语。this,what不能引导定语从句;that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
答案:D
3.(2011年高考山东卷)I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer, which is________he never finishes anything.
A.that
B.when
C.where
D.why
解析:句意:我觉得与其说他是个实干家不如说他是个空谈家,这就是为什么他从来不会完成任何事情的原因。分析句子结构可知,which 引导非限制性定语从句,which 指代前面的整个句子he's more of a talker than a doer;在定语从句中,is 后面为表语从句,由句意可知which指代的内容是表语从句内容的原因,故用 why 引导表语从句。
答案:D
4.(2011年高考天津卷)Modern science has given clear evidence ________smoking can lead to many diseases.
A.what
B.which
C.that
D.where
解析:句意:现代科学对于吸烟能导致多种疾病已经给出了明确的证据。这是一个主从复合句,evidence后的从句是 evidence 的同位语,对 evidence 起解释说明的作用,且该从句语意完整,故用 that 引导同位语从句。而 what,which,where 均在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
答案:C
5.(2011年高考江西卷)The villagers have already known ________ we'll do is to rebuild the bridge.
A.this
B.that
C.what
D.which
解析:句意:村民们已经知道我们要做的事是重修这座桥。分析句子结构可知,known后的宾语从句中含有一个主语从句,该从句缺少引导词并且从句中do缺少宾语,故用what,意为“……的事情”。this不能引导从句;that在名词性从句中不作句子成分;which强调哪一个,不符合句意。
答案:C
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