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2016届高考英语二轮专题热点集训:专题2 代词和介词

发布时间:2017-01-19  编辑:查字典英语网小编

  专题二

  代词和介词

  【命题趋势探秘】

  命题

  规律考查内容 考查度 ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆

  考查题型 所占分值

  1分 1分

  命题

  趋势 【高频考点聚焦】

  ◇考点1不定代词

  【基础知识梳理】

  不定代词即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词形容词的形容词的some-, any-, no- every-与-body, -one, -thing构成:someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, none, nobody, nothing, everyone, everybody, everything 主语、宾语、表语、补足语等

  兼作形容词的all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, a few, a little, both, enough, every等多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语We were both surprised to learn that half of the river is in China我们惊奇地发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。(教材例句)

  The government wanted to make Microsoft into two companies so that neither of them was so strong nor so rich.政府想把微软公司分成两个公司,这样一来这两家公司就都不够强大或富有。 (教材例句)

  2. none, nothing, nobody/no one的用法

  none 指人或物,其用法相当于no+前述名词,回答how many, how much的提问;可接of短语

  nothing 指物,表示“什么东西都没有”,可回答what的提问;不能接of短语

  no one/ nobody 指人,表示“一个人也没有”,可回答who的提问;不能接of短语

  —If you don't mind, may I ask you how much money you have? 如果你不介意,请问你有多少钱?

  —Well, to be honest, I have none. 哦,说老实话,我没钱(教材例句)

  Once she has made up her mind, nothing can change it.她一旦下了决心,就什么也不能使她改变。(教材例句)

  It was a prison from which no one escaped.那是一座任何人逃不出去的监狱。…not。如:

  注:any可单独使用,而every不能单独使用,只能作定语。

  Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer any of them.詹妮被询问了很多问题,但她一个也没回答。(高考例句)

  Not every exercise is difficult.不是每个练习都很难。

  4.other,another,the other,others,the others

  other是形容词,不能单独使用,必须与名词连用,或用the other(s), others;

  another=an+other,表示没有具体限定的、泛指的“另外一个”,用another(+单数名词/+

  数词+复数名词);

  the other:表示有具体限定的两者中的“另外那个/那些”,用the other(+单/复数名词);

  others相当于“other+复数名词”,表示泛指其他的/别的人或物;

  the others相当于the other+复数名词,表示有具体范围限定的“其他的人或物”。

  如:

  Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.如今,有些人选择工作时考虑的除了钱,还有其他原因。(高考例句) Now let’s move on to another topic. Do you follow me?现在我们换一个话题吧。你听明白了吗?(高考例句)

  They had to use actors for the other three members of the band.他们只好用演员来代替这个乐队另外三个人。(教材例句)

  They were surprised to find that these dinosaurs could not only run like the others but also climb trees. 他们惊讶地发现,这些恐龙不仅能像其他恐龙那样奔跑,还会上树。(教材例句)

  5.全部否定与部分否定

  all, both, everybody, everything以及“every+名词”都表示全部肯定;

  none, neither, no one, nobody, nothing, not…any以及“no+名词”表示全部否定;

  当表示全部肯定的句子中出现了not时,不管not在这些代词之前(not all/both/everybody,etc)还是在谓语动词(包括be动词)部分(all/both/everybody…not),都是表示部分否定;另外,not与总括性的副词如always, wholly, altogether, everywhere等连用时也表示部分否定。如:

  The smile does not always means that we are truly happy, however.微笑并不总是意味着我们真的很快乐。(教材例句)

  Not all cultures use the handshake, and people in many Asian cultures do not always touch another person. 并非所有的文化都是用握手进行寒暄,很多亚洲国家的文化里,人们不经常有肌肤的接触。(教材例句)

  6. many, much, a little, little, a few, few

  many much a little, little a few few

  加复数名词 加不可数名词 加不可数名词,表示“多” ,肯定含义 加不可数名词,表示“少” ,否定含义 加复数名词,表示“多”,肯定含义 加复数名词,表示“少”,否定含义

  如:

  The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I had stayed in many worse hotels. 这家旅馆不算特别好,但我住过很多比这更糟糕的旅馆。 (高考例句)

  At the library Wang Peng was surprised to find that his restaurant served far too much fat and Yong Hui’s far too little.在图书馆王鹏惊讶地发现,他的餐馆的菜肴脂肪太多,而雍辉的餐馆的菜肴脂肪太少。(教材例句)

  I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I went there several years ago.我对意大利有些了解,因为我跟妻子几年前去过那里。(高考例句)

  【核心考点讲练】

  1.复合不定代词的用法

  复合不定代词包括something, someone, somebody; anything, anyone, anybody; nothing; no one, nobody。它们在句中可作主语或表语,不能作定语。使用复合不定代词要注意下面几点:

  1)与some和any的区别一样,some构成的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句,any构成的复合不定代词一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件句;在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的疑问句中通常用some构成的复合不定代词,表示希望得到肯定回答;any构成的复合不定代词也可以用于肯定句An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. 观点是人们认为是真的,但没有得到证实的东西。(教材例句)

  2)由any、some、no、every与one、body构成的不定代词,都是第三人称指人,没有性别区别,作主语时谓语一般用单数形式,相应的人称代词和物主代词可用第三人称单数的he or she, him or her, his or her等,第三人称复数的代词及变化是they, them, their等,一般多用he, him, his等。如:

  Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story. 听了她的感人故事之后,大家都深受感触,不知说什么。(高考例句)

  His efforts to raise money for his program were in vain because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets.他想为自己的项目捐款的努力是白费力,因为谁也不想从自己口袋里掏一分钱。 (高考例句)

  3. 由any、some、no、every与thing构成的不定代词作主语时谓语只能用单数,相应的人称代词只能用it指物。如:

  Everything is ready, isn’t it?一切都准备好了,是吧?

  4.-one和-body构成的复合不定代词anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,后面不能接of短语;若要指物或接表示范围的Every one of the windows was broken. 每个窗户都是破的。

  He shook hands with every one of the students. 他与每个学生握手。

  仅仅只不过绝对不 something of 达到某种程度重要人物 不重要人小人物的

  or something或诸如此类的事物for nothing 不要钱免费

  The hotel was anything but satisfactory. 这家旅馆太不让人满意了He is a scientist or something.他大概是科学家之类的人物。

  【典例1】(2015·福建)The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but

  contained any useful suggestions.

  A. all B. none C. either D. neither

  答案D

  解题思路

  句意:研究小组写出了以调查为基础的两篇,但是两篇都没有包含一些有用的信息。根据题干关键词two reports和but判断是“两个都没有”。All指三个以上(含三个)的都;none一个没有,一点也没有;either两个中的任何一个;neither两个都没有。故选D。

  【典例2】(2016·江西)—When shall I call , in the morning or afternoon?

  —___. I’ll be in all day.

  A. Any

  B. None

  C. Neither

  D. Either

  解析:句意:——我什么时候打电话呢?在上午还是下午?——都可以,我一天都在家。说话人说一天都在家,因此这里表示前面提到的两个时间段的任何一个都可以,用either表示肯定含义的“两者中的任何一个”,因此选D。

  答案:D

  【技巧点拨】几组不定代词的用法

  1)all, every与each

  Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets had sold out.玛丽午饭的时候去售票处,但所有的票都卖完了。(高考例句)

  The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.每年夏季这里的海边都吸引很多游客。(高考例句)

  (2)all和each可单独使用,也可接名词,接of短语,而every是形容词,必须接单数可数名词,不能单独使用,也不能接of短语。

  (3)each指两者及以上的“每个”,every指三者及以上的“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each。

  2)nobody, no one与none的用法Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour.在简之前没有谁完全了解黑猩猩的行为。 (教材例句)

  Most of my new classmates are kind, but none is so good to me as Bruce.我的那些新同学大多很友善,但他们都不如布鲁斯对我好。(高考例句)

  ◇考点2 it的用法

  【基础知识梳理】

  高考试题对it的考查一般出现在单项填空、语法填空和短文改错中,涉及it的各种用法,包括it指时间、天气、距离等,及it作形式主语、形式宾语,以及it的相关句型,考查it的基本用法以及各种从句与it句式的交叉点和易混点。

  【核心考点讲练】

  1.it用来指代事物或人

  用法 例句

  代替前面已提到的事物,以避免重复 In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than it used to be.在我看来,21世纪的生活比以前更容易一些。(高考例句)

  指代动植物、不明身份或性别不详的人、婴儿。若指已知的或身份明确的人,则视情况用he或she Someone must have been here, though we have no idea who it was.肯定有人来过这儿,尽管我们不知道是谁。

  The Smiths got a baby and it is lovely.史密斯家生了个孩子,很可爱。

  用于指上文提到的情况,起this或that的作用 It’s a good habit for you to keep a diary. It can help you remember past events.写日记对你来说是一个好习惯。它可以帮你记住一些过去发生的事件。(教材例句)

  用作主语或宾语,指代时间、季节、距离、天气、自然现象、环境等 It is twelve o’clock now, and it’s still raining heavily.现在已经中午12点了,可是还在下着大雨。

  It’s very quiet here in the garden.花园里很安静。

  用于某些习语:make it及时赶到;成功;catch it被责骂,受处罚 You can make it if you hurry.如果你赶忙,还可以赶到。

  注:it指物与one的区别:两者都可代替前面提到的事物,it指的是前面已提到的事物本身,此时it等于“the/this/that/my,…+名词”;one指的是与前面提到的事物为同一类,相当于“a/an+名词”。如:

  I’ve lost my pen. I haven’t found it and will have to buy one.我的钢笔丢了,没找到,我得再买一枝。

  2.it用作形式主语和形式宾语

  用法 例句

  形式主语 ①当不定式、动词-ing形式或从句作主语时,为避免头重脚轻,通常在句首使用it作形式主语,把真正的主语放在句尾。 It is none of your business what other people think about you.别人怎么看你,这跟你没关系。(高考例句)

  ②it用作动词look, appear, seem,happen, occur, follow等的主语(后接that或as if从句)。 It looks like the weather is changing for the worse.看来天气越来越坏。(高考例句)

  ③当系表结构后接有if或when引导状语从句时,通常在系表结构前用形式主语it表示说话人对某情况的看法。 It would be great if you could do me a favor.你要是能帮我个忙就太好了。

  ④it用于其他固定句型,如if it were not for…(要不是因为……), it’s time that…(该……了)等。

  形式宾语 ①用在“动词+it+宾补+不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句”中(常见动词:think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等:宾补为形容词或名词)。 He has made it a rule to set aside half an hour every day for some exercise.他习惯了每天锻炼半小时。

  I found it surprising that most employees were absent.我惊讶地发现,大多数员工都不在场。

  ②介词后面不能直接跟that从句作宾语,此时就在介词后面用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放在句尾。 You may depend on it that he’ll turn up in time.你可以相信他会按时赶到的。

  We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident.多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。’s attention that; owe it to sb. that; leave it to sb. that; take it for granted that; keep it in mind that等。 I owe it to you that I finished all my work on time.多亏有你我才及时完成了工作。

  3.it用于强调结构it be…that:it is (was) +强调部分+that / who+其他(题干是现在时就用it is…that,题干为过去时则用it was…that。

  如:It was my brother who/that telephoned me yesterday. 昨天是我弟弟给我打来电话。

  It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began. 直到1920年无线电广播节目才开始定期播出。

  强调句的疑问句:

  1)一般疑问句:Is/Was it…that…?如:

  Was it in this room that the meeting was held?会议是在这个房间召开的吗?

  2)特殊疑问句:用疑问词What/Who/Where/How/When等+is/was it that?如:

  Where was it that the meeting was held?会议是在哪个房间召开的?

  【典例1】(2016·山东)Susan made______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.

  A. that

  B. this

  C. it

  D. her

  解析:句意:苏珊清楚地跟我表明,她希望为自己创造新的生活。分析句子结构可以看出,谓语made后面接了that引导的宾语从句以及宾语补足语clear,为保持句子结构的平衡,这里将宾语从句放在了句尾,因此本空需要代词it作形式宾语,因此选C’d appreciate ________ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.

  A. it

  B. you

  C. one

  D. this

  解析:句意:如果你能提前让我知道你是否会来,我将十分感激。I’d appreciate it if...是固定appreciate需要宾语,因此这里用itake it easy.不要紧张。make it.你能行。

  I can’t help it if he is always late.如果他总是迟到,我也没办法。

  ◇考点3其他代词的用法

  【基础知识梳理】

  1.人称代词的宾格在简略答语中的使用

  2.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法

  3.it, that, one, ones,those等替代词的用法

  4.each, every, any的用法

  【核心考点讲练】

  1.人称代词

  1)当说话者不清楚或不必要知道说话对象的性别时,可以用it来表示。如:

  Someone is knocking at the door. Tom, please go and see who it is.有人在敲门。Tom,你去看看是谁。

  2)在简略答语中,或在没有谓语动词的句子中,常用人称代词的宾格作答。如:

  —Glad to meet you.见到你很高兴。

  —Me,too.见到你我也很高兴。

  3)any、some、no、every与one,body构成的不定代词如everyone,nobody,其代词形式用he/she或they,以及相对应的代词形式。如:

  If anyone arrives late,they’ll(he or she will) have to wait outside.谁要是迟到,他就得在外面等着。

  2. 物主代词

  物主代词即人称代词的所有格形式,它可分为形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)和名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)。

  形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,只能作名词或动名词的定语。如:

  —Has your sister finished her composition yet?你姐姐的作文完成了吗?

  —I have no idea. She was writing it this morning. 我不知道呢。她今天早上还在写。

  Would you mind my/me opening the window? 你介意我开窗户吗?(作动名词的逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构)

  名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,可单独作主语、宾语、表语。此外,名词性物主代词还可与名词及of连用,构成双重所有格,即:a/an/this/that/these/those/ some/ any/several/no/each/every/such/another/which+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:

  This is her coat.Mine is over there.这是她的大衣。我的(大衣)在那边。

  I had planned to see a friend of mine, but in the end I stayed at home doing nothing.我本打算去看一个朋友的,可是最后却待在家里啥也没做。

  3. 反身代词

  1)当宾语与句子主语是同一个人或物时,宾语用反身代词表示“某人自己”,还可作表语、介词宾语和同位语。

  If you keep on doing things this way, you might hurt yourself.假如你继续这样做事,你会伤着自己的。

  I hope he can manage it himself.希望他自己就能应对。

  2)含有反身代词的惯用语

  (1)与介词连用

  Left alone in the large house, the little boy had to learn to survive by himself. (单独地、独自地)

  You’ll have to see if he has gone to the school for yourself.(亲自)

  The computer can shut off of itself.(自动地)

  Jim is not bad in himself,but he is a little shy.(本质上)

  He was beside himself with joy when he heard he had passed the exam.(=almost mad with anger/excitement,etc.(由于气愤、激动等而)发狂、忘形

  2)与使役动词及其他动词连用

  absent oneself缺课/缺勤

  apply oneself to专心致志于

  adapt oneself to适应于

  enjoy oneself(=have a good time)感到快乐,过得愉快

  behave yourself(=be polite;show good manners)使(自己)举止良好

  devote oneself to专心于;献身于

  treat oneself to sth用……款待自己

  make oneself at home不要客气

  seat oneself(=sit)坐

  come to oneself恢复自制力/知觉;苏醒过来

  think for oneself独立思考(形成看法﹑作出决定等)

  be oneself处于正常状态、显得自然

  4.疑问代词

  疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来引起特殊疑问句。

  1)who可指单数或复数含义,在句中作主语、表语和宾语,在句中作宾语(动词的宾语和介词的宾语)时也可用whom,问姓名或身份。

  2)whom在句中只能作动词和介词的宾语,当介词与疑问词连用时只能用“介词+whom”。如:

  Who/Whom should we believe?我们该相信谁呢?

  With whom are you going to the cinema this evening?今天晚上你准备和谁一起去看电影呢?

  3)whose表示“谁的”,作定语修饰名词,或者也可省略名词,单独作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

  Whose advice do you think I should take?你觉得我该听谁的建议?

  4)what表示“什么”,对人或者物提出疑问,可单独使用,也可放在名词前,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:

  What is the population of the city?这个城市的人口是多少?

  What is the distance between your home and your school?你家距离学校有多远?

  What is the price of the dictionary?这本词典的价格是多少?

  5)which表示“哪个,哪些”, 是在已知范围内进行选择,后面可跟of短语。而what是在未知范围内进行选择,后面不可跟of短语。如:

  What do you want to read? 你想看/读什么?(无范围)

  Which(of the animals)is bigger,an elephant or a horse? 大象和马哪个更大? (有范围)

  6)whatever,whichever,whoever等的用法

  whatever,whichever,whoever分别为what,which,who 的强调形式,相当于what/which/who on earth,意为:到底(究竟)什么/哪一个/谁。如:

  Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么?

  Whoever gave you the book? 究竟谁给你的书?

  【典例1】(2016·辽宁)To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _____of her colleagues.

  A. that

  B. one

  C. ones

  D. those

  解析:句意:让Della高兴的是,她首先赢得了她的学生的信任,其次她还赢得了同事的信任。that可以用来替代上文提到的有特指意义(但又非同一事物)的可数名词单数或不可数名词,相当于the+可数名词单数或the +不可数名词,在本题中属于后一种情况,相当于the trust。The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get one completely free.这些CD在做活动,你买一张就能免费再得到一张。(高考例句)

  The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, to let in the natural light during the day.入口处的木门已经被玻璃门取代,以便白天能有更多的自然光线进入。

  The book on the desk is better than that/the one(=the book)under the desk.桌子上那本书比桌子底下那本书好。

  Gradually, you will realize that the things that matter are those that can’t be bought with money.慢慢地你就会明白,最重要的东西是那些用钱买不到的东西。

  【2】(201·辽宁)If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get

  for me?

  A. one

  B. such

  C. this

  D. that

  ’s,反身代词为oneself。

  2. 泛指“人们或任何人”时,常用one,one’s,oneself(英式英语),或用he, him, his和himself(美式英语);

  3. 用one表示某个不确定的人或事物,相当于“不定冠词+名词”。当前面有形容词修饰时,该形容词前必须有冠词或代词。

  4.one的习语:one after the other或one after another “一个接一个地;依次地;陆续地”; on the one hand...on the other (hand) “一方面……另一方面……”。

  ▲误用one(s)的若干典型场合

  不要在所有格含形容词性物主代词之后误用one或ones,可直接使用所有格或将形容词性物主代词改为名词性物主代词。如:

  We need a ladder. e borrow our neighbour’s? (不能说our neighbour’s one) 我们需要一架梯子。可以借邻居的I can’t find my dictionary. Can you lend me yours? (不能说your one) 我找不到我的了。你能把你的借给我吗?

  不要在基数词(two, three等)后用one或ones。如:

  Jack is the fastest runner of the three. 杰克是三人中跑得最快的。

  不要在both后用one或ones。如:

  不要在one’s own 后用one或ones。如:

  They treated the child as if she were their own.their own ones)他们待这孩子像亲生的一样。

  不要在some或any后用one 或ones。如:

  I hadn’t any eggs, so I went out to buy some.some ones)我没有鸡蛋了,因此我出去买了一些。

  但是one/ones前有形容词修饰,则可以用于所有格、基数词以及some, any, both等之后。如:

  “Did you get any postcards?” “Yes, I bought four nice ones.” “你买明信片了吗?” “买了,我买了四张精美的明信片。”

  ▲one(s)的省略

  当one之前有带定冠词的比较级和最高级形容词时,one可以省略。如:

  Smith said that his friend’s car was the most expensive (one). 史密斯说他的朋友的小车是最贵的。

  当one 前有定冠词并与上下文形成对比的形容词连用时可省略。如:

  I’d prefer the large battles to the small (ones). 我喜欢大瓶的,而不喜欢小瓶的。

  当one的前置定语只有this, these, that, those, either, neither, another, the last, the next, which等限定词时可省略。如:

  You can take this one; I’ll keep another (one). 你可以拿这个,我拿另一个。

  ▲one和it

  one泛指,用于指代不定冠词+名词;it特指,用于指代定冠词或物主代词+名词。比较:

  ACan you lend me a pencil? 你能借给我一支吗?

  BSorry. I haven’t got one. 对不起,我没有。

  ACan I borrow your pen, then? 我能借你的钢笔吗?

  BSorry, I’m using it. 对不起,我正在用着。at主要用来表示某一个时间点at黎明、午、夜、点与分如:at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候at noon 在中午at night 在夜间at midnight 在午夜at six o’clock 在6点钟at half past eleven 在11点半in表示一段时间,主要用来表示周、月和季节,或者泛指在一段时间内的上午、下午或晚上如:in the morning 在早上in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上in the day 在白天in 1986 在1986年in March 在三月in spring 在春季in the third week 在第三周on主要用来表示具体的时间(某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上)。例如:on Monday在星期一; on a cool nightat后常跟小地方;in后常跟大地方,还表示在的里面例如:I live in a great city, my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。Mary’s books are in the back bag. 玛莉的书在背包里。Please put the rulers on the desk请把放在桌子上。2)表示时间的for,since和from

  since“自从……以来”, 后接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。

  from“自……起”, 后接时间点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短,一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。

  for后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续了多久。如:

  Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,自从退休后在那里生活了几乎15年了。

  My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。

  Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o’clock.汤姆从7点就一直做他的家庭作业。

  3)表示时间的in和after

  in+时间段,一般用于将来时。如:We’ll be back in three days.我们三天后回来。

  after+时间段,一般用于过去时。如:After two months he returned.两个月后他回来了。

  注意:after+时间点,可用于过去时和将来时。如:After seven the rain began to fall.七点钟以后开始下雨了。

  4)表示方位的in,on,to

  in表示“在……内”,如:Beijing is in the north of China.北京在中国北部。

  on指“与……接壤,在河/江畔”,如:Korea lies on the east of China.朝鲜在中国东边。

  to指在境外某方向,只强调方向,如:Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中国以东。

  5)表示“在……上”的on和in

  on只表示在某物的表面上,如:There is a book on the piece of paper.这张纸上面有本书。

  in表示占去某物一部分,如: There is an interesting article in the newspaper.

  6)表示“穿过……”的through, over和across

  through 指在内部穿过,across则指在表面上的横穿,over指在上方过去,跨越。如:

  The Great Wall winds its way across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.长城蜿蜒伸展,穿过沙漠,翻过山脉,穿越山谷,直到最后抵达大海。

  7)between和among

  between一般表示两者之间。如:You are to sit between your father and me.你就坐在我和你爸爸之间。

  among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:. The girl quickly disappeared among the crowd.女孩很快就消失在人群中了。

  注意:(1)有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调两两相互间接关系,仍用between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries.不同的国家之间签订了协议。

  (2)在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:They don’t know the difference between the three pictures.他们不知道这三幅画之间的不同之处。

  9)besides,except,but,except for

  besides“除了……还有”。如:Two foreign teachers were present at the meeting besides Smith.

  except指“除……外”,不能放在句首。如:We go to school every day except Sunday.

  except for表示“除了……之外”,表示整体肯定与局部修正的关系,有下面这两种用法:

  (1)整体与局部的两个名词或代词属于不同范畴或类型的名词,此时只能用except for。如:

  Except for one small disease, he seemed to be in excellent health. 他除了偶然发生过一次小病外,似乎非常健康。

  but与except意思相近, 常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything ,no等词和其他疑问词后面。except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

  10) 表示方式的withby与inwith多指用工具、用身体的部位或器官We smell with our noses.我们用鼻子闻。 (with + 人体器官,但by hand意为“手工,用手”)

  She beat her son with a ruler.她用一把尺子打她的儿子。 (with +工具)

  He stood up with pride. 他骄傲地站起来。(with + 情绪、情感、态度的名词)

  by表示使用的方法、手段e went there by plane.我们坐飞机去了那里。(by + 交通类名词)

  They are paid by the hour.(by + the + 单位名称)

  in指使用某种语言。Please talk in Chinese.请用汉语交谈。

  另外,还要注意下列表示“用, 通过”的介词短语:on the phone/ radio/Internet, on TV, through the satellite/telescope, through practice/experience, through his own efforts,

  11)as, with都表示“随着……”,但是as是连词,后接从句。如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.随着这天时间的继续,天气更糟糕了,

  with是介词,后接名词、代词,或构成独立主格结构。 如:With spring coming on, the weather gets warmer.随着春天的到来,天气开始变暖。

  【核心考点讲练】

  表示在做某事或处于某种状态的介词:

  ▲in表示状态或状况,“处于……中”。如:

  in power掌权

  in good condition状态良好

  in a troubled state一副窘相

  in despair绝望

  in good/bad repair保养得好/不好

  in tears哭泣

  in charge负责,掌管 in a hurry 赶忙

  in anger生气

  in trouble有困难

  in public/secret公开地/秘密地

  in a word with 和……交谈

  ▲at表示从事于、做某事,或处于某种状态,此类at短语多用作表语。如:

  at work在工作 at play在玩耍

  at dinner在吃饭 at ease轻松地

  at war 在打仗

  ▲on表示处于……情况中,表示从事的工作,如:

  on the phone在打电话

  on one’s way to在路上

  on duty值日

  on fire着火了

  on leave在休假

  on holiday在度假

  on a walk在散步

  on the rise/fall上升/下降 on sale出售

  on show/exhibition展出

  on business 出差

  on purpose故意地

  on a visit/trip/tour出行

  ▲under表示“在……过程中”,如:

  under attack遭到攻击

  under control受控

  under discussion在讨论

  under way已经开始并进行着Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay ________.

  A. in place

  B. in order

  C. in shape

  D. in fashion

  解析:句意:汤姆总是在早上去慢跑,并且还做做俯卧撑来保持体型。这里用介词短语in shape表示“处于良好状态;保持不变形”,因此选C。

  答案:C

  【典例2】(2016·北京)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _______ half an hour.

  A. by

  B. in C. for

  D. until

  解析:句意:詹妮很赶忙,因为到机场的火车半个小时之后就要开了。语境表示“半个小时之后”,用介词in+时间段表示“多长时间之后”,因此选B。

  答案:B

  【技巧点拨】

  in除了接时间、地点和表示状态之外的常见用法

  1)表示方式和方面。如:They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。

  在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。如:They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。

  语言单位、材料in。例如:I really can’t express my idea in English freely indeed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。The length is measured in meter, kilometer, and centimeter. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。惯用成语in all 总计

  in advance 事前 in the meantime 与此同时 in place 适当地in place of代替

  in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着希望 in connection with 和……有关

  in contact with 和……联系 in addition to 除以外

  in case of 倘若,万一in conflict with 和冲突

  in force 有效的,大批 in depth 彻底地

  in regard to 关于 in the opinion of 据……见解

  in the long run 从长远说来 in one’s opinion 在……看来

  in word 口头上 in a word 总之

  in vain 无益地, 白白地 in case 如果,万一,以防

  in detail 详细地 in spite of 尽管

  in other words 换句话说 in return (for)作为回报

  in the name of 以名义 in doubt 怀疑

  in love 恋爱中 in debt 负债

  in fun 玩笑地 in hesitation 犹豫不决

  in wonder 在惊奇中 in public (secret) 公开(秘密地) in terms of从……方面来说;

  in exchange for交换,交流

  in spite of尽管,不管

  in comparison with与……比较

  in response to作为对……的反应

  in favor of赞成

  in line with与……一致

  in harmony with与……保持和谐

  in association with与……有联系

  in the wild在野外

  in the distance在远方

  in the long run从长远看,终究有关,关于,涉及in charge of 负责

  in view of鉴于,考虑到

  in need of需要

  in honour of纪念,缅怀,为向……表示敬意 in the form of以……的形式

  in defence of保护,捍卫

  in particular尤其,特别

  in general 一般来说,总的来说

  in the light of鉴于,由于

  in praise of表扬in want of需要in the face of面对

  in search of寻找

  in short 简言之,总之

  in the eyes of在某人的眼里,在某人看来

  专题热点集训2 代词和介词

  (45分钟)

  2.(2015·湖北)This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you _____ that if you smoked here you would be fined.

  A. in advance

  B. in detail

  C. in total

  D. in general

  3. (2015·福建)Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live____nature.

  A. in view of B. in need of C.in touch with

  D. in harmony with

  4.(2015·浙江)Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes

  animals both on land and sea?

  A. about

  B. to

  C. with

  D. over

  5.(2015·浙江)How would you like

  if you were watching your favorite TV program and someong came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?

  A. them

  B. one

  C. those

  D. it

  6.(2016·江西)It is unbelievable that Mr. Lucas leads a simple life___________his great wealth.

  A.

  without

  B.

  despite

  C.

  in

  D. to

  7.(2016·浙江)People won’t pay attention to you when they still have a lot of ideas of their own crying _______ expression.

  A. from

  B. over

  C. with

  D. for

  8.(2016·陕西)The Scottish girl ________ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Contest.

  A. by

  B. of

  C. in

  D. with

  9.(2016·天津)_______ the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.

  A. In reply to

  B. In addition to

  C. In charge of

  D. In place of

  10.(2016·浙江)While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers

  without asking for anything ______ .

  A. in return

  B. in common

  C. in turn

  D. in place

  II. 完形填空

  (2015·浙江)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A, B, C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

  Since finishing my studies at Harvard and Oxford. I've watched one friend after another land high-ranking, high-paying Wall Street jobs. As executives(高级管理人员) with banks, cotasuiung firms, established law firms, and major corporations, many are now

  11

  on their way to impressive careers. By society’s

  12

  , they seem to have it made.

  On the surface, these people seem to be very lucky in life. As they left student life behind, many had a

  13

  drink at their cheap but friendly local bar, shook hands with Iongtime roommates, and

  14

  out of small apartments into high buildings. They made reservations at

  restaurants where the cost of a bottle of wine

  15

  a college year's monthly rent. They replaced their beloved old car with expensive new sports cars.

  The thing is, a number of them have

  16

  that despite their success, they aren’t happy. Some

  17

  of unfriendly coworkers and feel sad for eight-hour workweeks devoted to tasks they

  18

  . Some do not respect the companies they work for and talk of feeling tired and

  19 . However, instead of devoting themselves to their work, they find themselves working to support

  the

  20

  to which they have so quickly become

  21 .

  People often speak of trying a more satisfying path, and

  22

  the end the idea of leaving, their jobs to work for something they

  23

  or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads them to the same conclusion; it’ s

  24

  . They have loans, bills, a mortgage(抵押贷款)to

  25

  , retirement to save for. They recognize there’s something

  26

  in their lives , but it’s

  27

  to step off the track.

  In a society that tends to

  28

  everything in terms of dollars and cents, we learn form a young age to consider the costs of our

  29

  in financial terms. But what about the personal and social costs

  30

  in pursuing money over meaning? Theae are exactly the kinds of costs many of us tend to ignore — and the very ones we need to consider most.

  11. A. much

  B. never

  C. seldom

  D. well

  12. A. policies

  B. standards

  C. experiments

  D. regulations

  13. A. last

  B. least

  C. second

  D. best

  14. A. cycled

  B. moved

  C. slid

  D. looked

  15. A. shared

  B. paid

  C. equaled

  D. collected

  16. A. advertised

  B. witnessed

  C. admitted

  D. demanded

  17. A. complain

  B. dream

  C. hear

  D. approve

  18. A. distribute

  B. hate

  C. applaud

  D. neglect

  19. A. calm

  B. guilty

  C. warm

  D. empty

  20. A. family

  B. government

  C. lifestyle

  D. project

  21. A. accustomed

  B. appointed

  C. unique

  D. available

  22. A. yet

  B. also

  C. instead

  D. rather

  23. A. let out

  B. turn in

  C. give up

  D.believe in

  24. A. fundamental

  B. practical

  C. impossible

  D. unforgettable

  25. A. take off

  B. drop off

  C. put off

  D. pay off

  26. A. missing

  B. inspiring

  C. sinking

  D. shining

  27. A. harmful

  B. hard

  C. useful

  D. normal

  28. A. measure

  B. suffer

  C. digest

  D. deliver

  39. A. disasters

  B. motivations

  C. campaigns

  D. decisions

  40. A. assessed

  B. involved

  C. covered

  D. reduced

  III. 阅读理解

  (2015·湖北)“I see you’ve got a bit of water on your coat,” said the man at the petrol station. “Is it raining out there?””No, it’s pretty nice,” I replied, checking my sleeve. “Oh, right. A pony(马驹) bit me earlier.”

  As it happened, the bite was virtually painless: more the kind of small bite you might get from a naughty child. The pony responsible was queuing up for some ice cream in the car park near Haytor, and perhaps thought I’d jumped in ahead of him.

  The reason why the ponies here are naughty is that Haytor is a tourist-heavy area and tourists are constantly feeding the ponies foods, despite sighs asking them not to. By feeding the ponies, tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car, and make them harder to gather during the area’s annual pony drift(迁移).

  The purpose of a pony drift is to gather them up so their health can be checked, the baby ones can be stooped from feeding on their mother’s milk, and those who’ve gone beyond their limited area can be returned to their correct area. Some of them are also later sold, in order to limit the number of ponies according to the rules set by Natural England.

  Three weeks ago, I witnessed a small near-disaster a few miles west of here. While walking, I noticed a pony roll over on his back. “Hello!” I said to him, assuming he was just rolling for fun, but he was very still and, as I got closer, I saw him kicking his legs in the air and breathing heavily. I began to properly worry about him. Fortunately, I managed to get in touch with a Dartmoor’s Livestock Protection officer and send her a photo. The officer immediately sent a local farmer out

  to check on the pony. The pony had actually been trapped between two rocks. The farmer freed him, and he began to run happily around again.

  Dartmoor has 1,000 or so ponies, who play a critical role in creating the diversity of species in this area. Many people are working hard to preserve these ponies, and trying to come up with plans to find a sustainable(可持续的) future for one of Dartmoor’s most financially-troubled elements.

  31. Why are tourists asked not to feed the ponies?

  A. To protect the tourists from being bitten

  B. To keep the ponies off the petrol station

  C. To avoid putting the ponies in danger

  D. To prevent the ponies from fighting

  32. One of the purposes of the annual pony drift is ______________.

  A. to feed baby ponies on milk

  B. to control the number of ponies

  C. to expand the habitat for ponies

  D. to sell the ponies at a good price

  33. What was the author’s first reaction when he saw a pony roll on its back?

  A. He freed it from the trap

  B. He called a protection officer

  C. He worried about it very much

  D. He thought of it as being naughty

  34. What does the author imply about the preservation of Dartmoor’s ponies?

  A. It lacks people’s involvement.

  B. It costs a large amount of money

  C. It will affect tourism in Dartmoor.

  D. It has caused an imbalance of species

  IV. 微写作

  (2016·新课标全国卷I)

  假定你是李华,计划暑假间去英国学习英语,为期六周。下面的广告引起了你的注意,请给该校写封信,询问有关情况(箭头所指内容)

  注意:1.词数100左右;

  2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

  3.参考词汇:住宿—accommodation

  Dear Sir/Madam,

  ___________________________________________________________________________

  _______________________________________________________________________________

  ______________________________________________________________________________

  Yours faithfully

  Li Hua

  专题热点集训2

  代词和介词

  参考答案与解析

  I. 单项填空

  1. .D

  句意:尼克总是充满了想法,但在我看来没有一个想法是有用的。A选项意为“啥都没有”;B选项意为“没有一个人”,常用来回答who;C选项意为“二者中没有一个”;D选项意为“三者或三者以上中没有一个”。结合语境,故答案选D。

  2. A

  句意:这个会议室是一个非吸烟区域,我想提前警告你如果你抽烟将被罚款的。in advance意为“提前”; in detail 意为“详细地”; in total意为“总计”;in general意为“一般地说”根据句意可知答案为A项。3. D

  句意:人类的生活被认为是自然的一部分,就其本身而论,我们生存下去的唯一方式是和自然和谐相处。as such同样地,本身,就其本身而论。In view of以……看来;in need of需要;in touch with和……相联系;in harmony with和……和谐相处。live in harmony with nature和自然和谐相处。故选D。

  …做的是真正的宾语,结合句意,故选D。

  6.B句意:尽管卢卡斯先生很有钱,却过着简朴的生活,这真让人难以置信。这里用介词despite表示“尽管”,因此选B。

  7.D句意:当人们有很多自己急需表达的观点的时候,他们就不会关注到你了。本题考查cry与介词for的固定搭配cry for,表示“哭着/嚷着要……;急需”,其它几个选项都不能与cry搭配。

  8.D句意:蓝眼睛的那个苏格兰女孩在第五届汉语演讲比赛中获得一等奖。这里用介词with表示“有,具有(某种特征或所有物)”,其他介词都没有这个含义。

  9.B句意:除了学校,这个村子还有一个诊所,该诊所也是在政府资助下建起来的。根据句意,这里用介词短语in addition to表示“除……之外(还有)”。

  10.A待在那个村庄的时候,詹姆斯无私地把自己的一切东西与村民一起分享,但是却没有要求任何东西作为回报。in return“作为回报/报复”;in common“相同/相似;共有的”;in turn“依次;反过来;转而”;in place“在适当的位置;各得其所;适当的”,根据句意,应该选A。

  【】

  III. 阅读理解

  [文章大意]1. C [命题意图]考查细节理解题。

  [解题思路]By feeding the ponies, tourists increase the risk of them getting hit by a car,可知游客们要喂小马驹食物的话,会增加一些他们被车撞击的危险,故答案为C项,“为了避免使小马驹危险,游客们被禁止喂他们食物”

  32. B [命题意图]考查细节理解题。

  [解题思路]Some of them are also later sold, in order to limit the number of ponies可知一年一度的小马驹被迁移是为了限制他们的繁殖数量,答案为B项。

  33. D[命题意图]考查细节理解题。

  [解题思路]

  34. B[命题意图]考查题。

  [解题思路]’s most financially-troubled elements.可知保护小马驹工作耗费很多的钱,必须找到一个解决经济问题的好办法,答案为B项。

  IV. 微写作

  书面表达范文

  Dear Sir/ Madam,

  I am a student in China and I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the vacation. I’ve seen your ad, and I’d like to know something more about your six-week English course. First, when will the course start and how many class hours are there per week? Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class. I’d also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included. Would there be a host family or university dormitory?

  I am looking forward to your early reply.

  Yours faithfully,

  Li Hua

  重点短语:plan to do计划/打算做某事; would like to想要(做某事);pay for为……付钱

  高级句型:I’d also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.我还想知道这门课我要付多少钱,是否包含住宿。

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