2016届高考英语二轮专题热点集训：专题15 阅读理解（语篇话题探讨）

　　专题十五

　　阅读理解(语篇话题探讨)

　　【命题趋势探秘】

　　命题规律 考查内容 人物故事与社会文化类 科普知识与节能环保类 资讯广告类 介绍说明类

　　考查热度 ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆ ☆☆☆

　　考查题型 1)细节理解2)推理判断；3)猜测词义；4)主旨大意

　　所占分值 8—12分 8—14分 6—8分 6—8分

　　命题

　　趋势 高考英语阅读理解的选材方面注重体裁和题材分布的广泛性，涉及各种体裁，其中考查最多的是说明文类，并兼顾各种文体；内容涉及社会、文化、经济、科普、资讯和广告等，尤其是介绍国外科技和新发明，这些文章时代感。

　　1.科技小品：介绍科普知识、科研动态、科技成果的特点与用途等。这种文章理论性强，叙述有条理，结构层次分明，但科技词汇较多，长难句较多，如果介绍的知识是大家比较陌生的，则会让考生伤透脑筋。

　　2.说理论经：介绍对人或事的看法等。此类文章逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的相关细节、文章的主旨或作者要表达的意图等方面入手，考查考生语篇理解能力、思维能力和判断能力。

　　3.人物传记：叙述一个人的生平事迹、趣闻故事、生活背景、成长或奋斗经历等。这类文章一般以时间为线索，考生容易抓住文章的脉络。

　　4.短篇故事：叙述一件事的发生、发展和结局。命题往往从故事情节、人或事之间的关系、推测故事的前因或结局等方面着手，考生应注意文中的长难句，解题时应该注意把握其中的情感经历等信息。

　　5.史地文化：介绍国家、地区、河流、山脉等以及与之相关的社会生活、自然资源、人文历史、文化习俗等方面的情况。

　　【高频考点聚焦】

　　◇考点1人物故事类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　人物故事类阅读理解文章的语篇特点和试题特点

　　语篇特点

　　人物故事类文章是高考英语阅读理解的常考题材，分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记类叙述一个人的生平事迹、生活状况、事业发展及成长历程等，短篇故事类叙述某一事件的发生、发展及结局等。这类文章通常以时间或事件的先后顺序为线索，文中穿插叙述、说明、议论等。从近年高考阅读理解试题看，各考区的阅读理解试题通常必须有一篇记叙文，以保证考查体裁的全面。选材注重名家的生平，以及与名人生活、事业相关的人或事，也不乏介绍普通人学习、生活和工作等的故事。试题考查特定细节的准确理解，以及根据人物故事进行推理判断的能力。

　　试题特点

　　人物故事类阅读材料一般较长，词数多，命题以推理判断题和细节理解题为主。我们在阅读材料时要重点放在事情发展的过程和结果上，注意把握事件的发展进程及人物之间的关系，细节与主题的关系，用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　人物故事类阅读题材的特点

　　1.人物及短篇故事类文章一般较长，命题注重从故事的情节、人物或事件的之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因和后果的推测等方面着手，围绕文中的长难句设置推理判断题和事实细节题，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。同学们在做此类阅读理解题时往往是材料看得懂，题目不好做的感觉。在阅读中，对于细节信息我们可以略读或跳读，但对于文中的长难句则一定要弄清句子结构和句意，特别是叙述的转换，比如同义转换，或者叙述中用名词表达动作的含义，而试题则将名词转述为动词。

　　【典例1】（2016·江苏） Never before had a kitchen so much of a History

　　It tells of Freedom, Success, and of the Architecture of big American cities. Because that is where it started: in the second half of the 19th century!

　　Welcome to a new Era of Kitchen Interior Design

　　Back then, a Generation of successful American Entrepreneurs dreamt of a new style of Architecture to express their personal wealth. This dream was realized by young architects such as Daniel Burnham and Stanford White.

　　They all had studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. And they created a new style for Architecture and Interior Design, named after the famous French Art Institute: Beaux Arts.

　　56. Why did the BeauxArts style attract American entrepreneurs?

　　A. It helped display their money status. B. It was created by famous architects.

　　C. It was named after a famous institute. D. It represented the 19th century urban culture.

　　解析：A这篇文章介绍一个名为SieMatic BeauxArts的系列厨具的相关情况，第一段说当初这种风格吸引美国企业家的原因，答案在第二段这句话：a Generation of successful American Entrepreneurs dreamt of a new style of Architecture to express their personal wealth.这句话说的是一代成功的美国企业家希望能找到一种新的建筑风格来表达他们的个人财富，而A项则把这句话的express改为display，their personal wealth转述为their money status。因此选A。

　　2.在阅读材料时要重点放在事情发展的过程和结果上，注意把握事件的发展进程及人物之间的关系，细节与主题的关系，用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，同学们在做推理判断题时就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于事实细节题的解答，同学们切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。 我们来看看下面这篇文章。

　　【典例1】（2016·江西）Larry was on another of his underwater expeditions(探险)but this time, it was different. He decided to take his daughter along with him. She was only ten years old. This would be her first trip with her father on what he had always been famous for.

　　Larry first began diving when he was his daughter’s age. Similarly, his father had taken him along on one of his expeditions. Since then, he had never looked back. Larry started out by renting diving suits from the small diving shop just along the shore. He had hated them. They were either too big or too small. Then, there was the instructor. He gave him a short lesson before allowing him into the water with his father. He had made an exception. Larry would never have been able to go down without at least five hours of theory and another similar number of hours on practical lessons with a guide. Children his age were not even allowed to dive.

　　After the first expedition, Larry’s later diving adventures only got better and better. There was never a dull moment. In his black and blue suit and with an oxygen tank fastened on his back, Larry dived from boats into the middle of the ocean. Dangerous areas did not prevent him from continuing his search. Sometimes, his was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him. At least, he was still able to take photographs of the underwater creatures.

　　Larry’s first expedition without his father was in the Cayman Islands.There were numerous diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit all of them. Fortunaly for him,a man offered to take him around the different spots for free. Larry didn’t even know what the time was, how many spots he dived into or how many photographs he had taken.The diving spots afforded such a wide array of fish and sea creatures that Larry saw more than thirty varieties of creatures.

　　Larry looked at his daughter.She looked as excited as he had been when he was her age. He hoped she would be able to continue the family tradition. Already, she looked like she was much braver than Larry had been then. This was the key to a successful underwater expedition.

　　1.In what way was this expedition different for Larry?

　　A. His daughter had grown up.

　　B. He had become a famous diver.

　　C. His father would dive with him.

　　D. His daughter would dive with him.

　　2. What can be inferred from Paragraph2?

　　A. Larry had some privileges.

　　B. Larry liked the rented diving suits.

　　C. Divers had to buy diving equipment.

　　D. Ten-year-old children were permitted to dive.

　　3. Why did Larry have to stay in a cage underwater sometimes?

　　A.To protect himself from danger.

　　B.To dive into the deep water.

　　C.To admire the underwater view.

　　D.To take photo more conveniently.

　　4.What can be learned from the underlined sentence?

　　A.Larry didn’t wear a watch.

　　B. Larry was not good at math.

　　C. Larry had a poor memory.

　　D. Larry enjoyed the adventure.

　　5.What did Larry expect his daughter to do?

　　A.Become a successful diver.

　　B. Make a good diving guide.

　　C. Take a lot of photo underwater.

　　D. Have longer hours of training.

　　【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位名叫Larry的海底探险家，准备带他的女儿去海底探险。并因此回忆了自己开始探险以及后来探险的经历。

　　1.D细节理解题。第一段第二句说“他决定带着他的女儿一同前往”(take…along with him)，而D项则转述为“他的女儿将与他一起潜水”，这两者表达的含义是一样的，因此D正确。B项很有干扰性，说“这次潜水与以往不同的地方是他现在已经有名气了”，但文章说This would be her first trip with her father on what he had always been famous for.，从这句话能够判断B不是这次潜水与平时不同的原因；根据第三句“She was only ten years old.”可知A项错误。根据第四句可知不对。

　　2.A推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“Larry would never have been able to go down without at least five hours of theory and another similar number of hours on practical lesson with a guide. Children his age were not even been allowed to dive.”可知，每次潜水前有导师指导并训练他，在他那个年龄的孩子甚至不允许去潜水，由此可推断，他有一些特权，故选A项，同时可知D项有误。根据第四、五句“... by renting diving suits from the small diving shop just along the shore. He had hated them.”可知B项有误。C项在本段找不到相关信息。

　　3.A细节理解题。根据第三段第四、五句“Dangerous areas did not prevent him from continuing his research. Sometimes, he was limited to a cage underwater but that did not bother him.”可知，他呆在笼子里应该是为了保护他，故选A项。根据最后一句易误选C、D两项，其实这句话只是对呆在笼子里的补充，而不是其原因，故不能选。

　　4.D句意理解题。根据划线句以及后一句“The diving spots afforded such a wide array of fish and sea creatures that Larry saw more than thirty varieties of creatures.”可知，Larry喜欢这一次探险以至于让他忘却时间，沉浸于其中。

　　5.A细节理解题。根据本文最后一句“This was the key to a successful underwater expedition.”可知，Larry期望他的女儿成为一位成功的潜水员。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　解答人物故事类文章时应该注意：

　　1.首先略读全文，弄清文章叙述的主线是按时间顺序还是按事件发展顺序来组织材料的。这样能确保解答细节理解题时快速准确地定位答案所在文段；

　　2.人物故事类的文章中有较多人物时，要弄清人物之间的关系，这往往会成为命题点；

　　3.抓住题干关键词，然后快速浏览全文找出答案的出处。

　　【典例】（2016·全国大纲卷）Which boy hasn’t dreamed of being a cool secret agent（特工）? The wonderful fighting and the world-saving adventures are much more colourful than most people’s everyday lives. Well, Cody Banks is just like any other boy, except that he is not just dreaming. He has a big secret his friends never know about. He was trained to be a spy（间谍）by a special CIA programme, which was made to look like a summer camp. He learned high-speed driving, hand-to-hand fighting and the use of high-tech tools.

　　After proving he could become a young hero by saving a baby from a runaway car, Banks gets his first real task. He must make friends with a popular girl at school, Natalie Connors. Then, he must spy on her father, a scientist who has developed a dangerous technology（技术）. Banks must stop a group of bad people from forcing Natalie’s father into using the technology to endanger the world.

　　The CIA may have taught him first-class self-defence moves, but they didn’t show him how to talk to girls. Banks has zero ability when it comes to dealing with girls. How can he get around his problem and get an invitation to the girl’s upcoming birthday party? Will he finally become Natalie’s boyfriend and find out whatever he can about her father’s work?

　　Agent Cody Banks has everything that young people are interested in: big explosions, breath-taking performances and funny girl-dating experiences. It was listed in No.2 in the American box office last week.

　　“This story is interesting and fun for the whole family to enjoy, and especially cool for young boys.” said Paul Perkins, a film reviewer in the US.

　　1. What is Bank’s first real task?

　　A. To test a high-tech tool.

　　B. To save a baby from a car.

　　C. To study a new technology.

　　D. To watch a scientist secretly.

　　2. Banks wanted to go to Natalie’s birthday party to ______.

　　A. meet her father

　　B. know more people

　　C. make friends with her

　　D. steal some information

　　3. What is considered as a great danger in the text?

　　A. The technology developed by Natalie’s father. B. An explosion set off by some bad people.

　　C. The CIA’s training of boys for its task. D. Secret agents spying on scientists.

　　4. What is the purpose of the text?

　　A. Making known the work of the CIA

　　B. Telling the story about a cool boy

　　C. Showing the dark side of science

　　D. Introducing a new film

　　【文章大意】这是一篇人物故事类的文章，介绍一部影片中的主人公的特工生活。文章按照事件发展的顺序逐渐展开，结构缜密。

　　1.D细节理解题。第二段谈到故事主人公的第一个任务：他从一辆逃跑的汽车上救了一个婴儿，以此表明他能够成为英雄之后，他接到了第一个真正的任务：与Natalie Connors交朋友，然后窥探她的父亲，一个科学家，根据语境的spy on her father, a scientist判断选D。

　　2.C推理判断题。第三段说，How can he…get an invitation to the girl’s upcoming birthday party? Will he finally become Natalie’s boyfriend and find out whatever he can about her father’s work?把这些信息罗列并精简之后就能看出，故事的主人公要参加Natalie的生日聚会的直接目的是与她交朋友，最终目的是了解她父亲的工作，根据这一信息，A项的“见见她父亲”、B项的“认识更多的人”、D项的“盗窃信息”都不对。

　　3.A细节理解题。从故事的发展顺序看，第二段说Then, he must spy on her father, a scientist who has developed a dangerous technology，从这句话中的dangerous可以得知，危险的事是女孩的父亲所研发的技术。

　　4.D推理判断题。最后一段说，This story is interesting and fun for the whole family to enjoy, and especially cool for young boys.文章最后才透露出本文的主题：向大家推荐一部新电影。

　　◇考点2社会文化类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　社会文化类题的阅读理解文章是高考阅读理解常考的题材，介绍世界各国特别是英语国家的社会万象及文化百态。这类阅读文章一般有下面这些特点：

　　1.以中西文化差异为选材的重点，比如中西礼仪、语言习惯、生活习惯、价值观、饮食文化等方面的差异；题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面。

　　2.体裁方面以议论文和说明文为主，有时会涉及记叙文。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　社会文化类阅读理解文章的试题侧重考查主旨大意，同时兼顾细节理解和推理判断题。

　　要做好这一类阅读理解试题，结合语篇了解英语语言、社会和文化是必要的。在复习备考中要注意：

　　1.重视英语词汇、语法和习惯用法的掌握。

　　2.扩展文化背景知识，认真研读历届高考题。

　　从近五年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会化背景知识。因此，要加强社会文化背景知识类阅读理解文章的阅读，要通过阅读更多地了解并丰富自己的知识；认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁。了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。

　　3.广泛涉猎，丰富人文文化知识。

　　【典例1】（2016·山东）

　　It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore. Needless to say, it was too hot to do anything outside. But it was also scorching in our apartment. This was 1962, and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for another ten years. So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors. He suggested we could see a movie. It was a brilliant plan.

　　Movie theaters were one of the few places you could sit all day and—most important —sit in air conditioning. In those days, you could buy one ticket and sit through two movies. Then, the theater would show the same two movies again. If you wanted to, you could sit through them twice. Most people did not do that, but the manager at our theater. Mr. Bellow did not mind if you did.

　　That particular day, my brother and I sat through both movies twice, trying to escape the heat. We bought three bags of popcorn and three sodas each. Then, we sat and watched The Music Man followed by The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. We’d already seen the second movie once before. It had been at the theater since January, because Mr. Bellow loved anything with John Wayne in it.

　　We left the theater around 8, just before the evening shows began. But we returned the next day and saw the same two movies again, twice more. And we did it the next day too. Finally, on the fourth day, the heat wave broke.

　　Still, to this day I can sing half the songs in The Music Man and recite half of John Wayne and Jimmy Stewart’s dialogue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance! Those memories are some of the few I have of the heat wave of 1962. They’re really memories of the screen, not memories of my life.

　　1.In which year did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner?

　　A. 1952.

　　B. 1962.

　　C. 1972.

　　D. 1982.

　　2.What does the underlined word”It” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

　　A. The heat.

　　B. The theater.

　　C. The Music Man.

　　D. The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance.

　　3.What do we know about Mr. Bellow?

　　A. He loved children very much.

　　B. He was a fan of John Wayne.

　　C. He sold air conditioners.

　　D. He was a movie star.

　　4.Why did the author and his/her brother see the same movies several times?

　　A. The two movies were really wonderful.

　　B. They wanted to avoid the heat outside.

　　C. The manager of the theater was friendly.

　　D. They liked the popcorn and the soda at the theater.

　　5.What can we learn from the last paragraph?

　　A. The author turned out to be a great singer.

　　B. The author enjoyed the heat wave of 1962.

　　C. The author’s life has been changed by the two movies.

　　D. The author considers the experience at the theater unforgettable.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者在1962年最为炎热的日子和兄弟一起去电影院“蹭空调”，因此也反复看了两部电影很多遍，留下了很多关于电影的回忆。

　　1.C细节理解题。第一段说“还有10年的时间我都住不上有空调的地方”，由此推断，作者在这之后过了10年，也就是1972年才住上有空调的住房。

　　2.D词义猜测题。第三段中提到我们看了两部电影，而且其中第二部电影The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance我们之前看过。自从一月份它就开始播放……。it指代的是上一句中所提到的第二部电影。

　　3.B推理判断题。第三段中最后一句提到第二部电影The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance自从一月份它就开始播放，是因为Bellow先生喜欢关于在电影里出演的John Wayne的一切，由此可以推断Bellow先生是John Wayne的粉丝。

　　4.B细节理解题。作者在第二段第一句话就明确提到“ Movie theatres were … you could sit all day and---most important---sit in air conditioning” 。他们为避暑，就去电影院坐一整天，重要的是里面有空调。而且电影院的经理Bellow先生也不介意电影再放一遍是他们继续坐在电影院里。从第三段第一句话 “…my brother and I … trying to escape the heat.” 可知他们就是为了“蹭空调” 避暑，才连续坐在电影院三天，所以也才把同两部电影看了很多遍。

　　5.D细节理解题。最后一段提到作者“到今天依然记得第一部电影里一半的歌曲和第二部电影里一半的对话”，并在最后一句提到“这些记忆是荧屏的记忆”，说明作者难忘1962年的电影院里的记忆。

　　◇考点3科普知识类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　科普知识类阅读理解一直是高考阅读理解中倍受青睐的宠儿，包括介绍科普知识、科研动态和科技产品的开发、使用方法、特点等方面的内容。这类文章的主要特点：1.文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点，一词多义的现象也不多见。2.句子长且结构复杂，理论性和逻辑性又都较强，内容比较晦涩，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句，这就加大了理解和答题的难度。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　科普知识类文章因为内容比较晦涩，因此命题注重考查考生对具体细节的理解，特别是对文中长难句的理解，以及考查对文章主旨的把握，有时还会涉及对作者的态度或文章来源的考查。鉴于这一特点，我们在阅读的过程中不必注意人名、地名、研究机构等专有名词，对文中较多的生词也可以不必过多地理会，在阅读过程中抓住每段的几个关键词，然后将试题看一遍，弄清楚考查方向，再回到文章锁定答案范围，并细心比较题干与选项的表述是否与文章内容一致，因为在这种试题中，命题人比较喜欢采用“偷梁换柱”或“移花接木”的手法来干扰考生。下面这篇文章中，命题人就利用了这些命题手段。

　　【典例1】（2016·广东）

　　Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents (洋流) . Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way --- by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years’ experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the northwest coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.

　　Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes — about 60,000 in total — fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe company and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the company told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents.

　　The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachcombing(海滩搜寻) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachcombers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1, 600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a computer program designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study.

　　As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has become known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachcombers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves.

　　1. The underlined phrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_______________.

　　A. fitting rooms

　　B. trading fairs

　　C. business talks

　　D. group meetings

　　2. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe company to find out _____________.

　　A. what caused the shipping accident

　　B. when and where the shoes went missing

　　C. whether it was all right to use their shoes

　　D. how much they lost in the shipping accident

　　3. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption?

　　A. By collecting information from beachcombers.

　　B. By studying the shoes found by beachcomber.

　　C. By searching the web for ocean currents models.

　　D. By researching ocean currents data in the library.

　　4. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ___________________.

　　A. traveling widely the coastal cities of the world

　　B. making records for any lost objects on the sea

　　C. running a global currents research association

　　D. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea

　　5. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?

　　A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution.

　　B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean.

　　C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents.

　　D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach.

　　【文章大意】这是一篇科普类的文章。很多科学家采用各种方法研究洋流，但是你听说过通过研究运动员的鞋子研究洋流的吗？让我们走进一位海洋专家的世界，看看他是怎么研究洋流的吧。

　　1.A猜测词义题。从划线后的to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear可以知道，人们在这里将鞋子配成双，因此是fitting rooms。B有一定的干扰性，从空后的sell看似乎这里是市场，但是从or wear看，这里只是一个给鞋子配成双的地方。

　　2.C细节理解题。根据题干的phoned the shoe company到文中寻找关键词：第二段后面接着说，asked it they wanted the shoes back因此他打电话问他们是否将鞋子收回，显然是项了解自己能不能用这些掉进大海的鞋子作实验。

　　3.A细节理解题。从and asked for their help in collecting information …可以知道，他从这些人那里获得信息，以印证自己的推测。

　　4.B细节理解题。从最后一段可知，他善于从一些不寻常的物体中发现问题，然后得出理论，这让他很著名。他开办了一个由海洋搜寻者和学者组成的协会，但是这并非他成名的理由。

　　5.C推理判断题。作者向我们讲述一位海洋研究者通过大船沉海后漂流到海滩的运动鞋研究洋流，目的是向我们介绍一种独特的研究方式。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　应对此类体裁的阅读理解应该注意：

　　1. 掌握这类文章的特点和结构：科普知识类文章结构一般由导语(Introductions)，背景( Background)，主体(Main body)和结尾(Ends)构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述。这一部分命题往往最多，因此，阅读时要把这部分作为重点。结尾往往也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此设计一道推理判断题。另外，试题常会设置一道主旨大意题，要求考生总结文章的主题。从前面我们列举的阅读理解试题的分布能够看出这个特点。

　　2.这种体裁的文章生词较多，句子结构较复杂，阅读时不可在生词或复杂的句子上纠结太长时间，不妨先读每段的第一句，在阅读语篇时注意把握每段的关键词，切忌试图将每句话翻译成汉语。解题时可先锁定答案所在位置，如果涉及长难句的理解时再来分析句子结构，把握具体信息来答题。

　　3.注重细节，找准答案。科普类阅读理解考查细节理解的试题较多，一般不需要对文章进行深层次的发掘，要注重细节，认真对比选项与文章信息，以找准答案。

　　4.平时要多读科技类文章，比如：太空与海洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等，包括从网上搜寻一些取材原版、内容时新、语言鲜活的科技类材料阅读。

　　◇考点4节能环保类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　从近几年高考试题中不难发现以科技环保为主题的阅读理解语篇一直占主导地位。这类试题关注社会热点，追踪科技前沿，选材多以说明文为主，话题涉及科技发展、人口控制、气候变化、资源开发、节能减排、可持续性发展、温室效应、人与自然的和谐相处与发展、人与自然的生态现状与未来发展、环保的生活方式、生态旅游、生态农业等。高考阅读理解的四大题型都会在这种题材的文章中出现。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　试题特点

　　节能环保类文章在语篇长度和难度上会较其他类型的阅读材料偏长，生词偏多；在命题上采取多样的形式，主要考查涉及的有主旨大意、细节识别、推理判断、词义猜测等。

　　【典例1】（2016·福建）

　　As has been all too apparent in recent days at Balcombe, few issues cause greater concern than energy policy. Many village communities feel their countryside is being ruined by the power-producing machines of wind farms; yet they never take "direct action", even though the planning laws put them at a severe disadvantage. And the generous subsidies (财政补贴) , which encourage the expansion of wind power, are not favorable to the village communities and set landowners in conflict with other residents (居民) .

　　Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion(比例) to the benefits they bring, because their energy output cannot match that of the carbon-based power stations they are supposed to replace. Supporters insist that wind must be part of a mix of renewables, nuclear and carbon, and that the country is committed to meeting EU ( European Union) targets for non-carbon energy generation.

　　Against this background, the fact that there is an argument within the Government over whether to publish an official report on wind farms' impact on the countryside becomes even more extraordinary. The two parties in the coalition (联合) government are in disagreement over what it should say.

　　We have some advice for the two parties: publish the report, and let the country be the judge.

　　Even if it contains evidence that wind farms are harmful, it will hardly be a pleasant surprise to people who do not like them. Equally, supporters must argue their case by acknowledging the concerns and explaining why they are either misplaced or worthy of much attention.

　　The suggestion that further negotiations are to take place to produce an "acceptable" report suggests that the politics of coalition government are doing the country harm in a certain way. Given the sensitivities involved, all the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions, rather than being left with the suspicion（猜疑）that facts are being replaced by political beliefs.

　　1. We can learn from the first paragraph that__________.

　　A. energy policy catches much attention of the public

　　B. the residents are in favor of the expansion of wind farms

　　C. many village communities are satisfied with the subsidies

　　D. the planning laws offer great benefits to the residents

　　2. Supporters think that the expansion of wind power____.

　　A. is more rapid than that of carbon-based power

　　B. guarantees an increase in energy output

　　C. is expected to be much better than that of nuclear power

　　D. agrees with EU targets for non-carbon energy generation

　　3. It can be inferred from the passage that____.

　　A. an official report will settle the energy problem

　　B. the two parties are divided over the issue of wind farms

　　C. the two parties have agreed on a further negotiation

　　D. political beliefs concerning energy issue go against facts

　　4. Which of the following reflects the author's opinion?

　　A. Increase political impact on energy policy.

　　B. Release a statement of supporters on wind farms.

　　C. Let the nation judge the facts about wind power.

　　D. Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇节能环保类的议论文。因政府出台了一项新的政策要拓展风力农场，由此引起了人们的热烈争论。作者在列举各方的观点之后提出了让人们自己来决定，而不是由政治信仰来决定。

　　1.A推理判断题。根据第一段中的第一句的 few issues cause greater concern than energy policy，可知“政府出台的能源政策引起了公众的注意”，因此选项C符合文意；第一段中没有提到B项“居民们支持风力农场”，这是第二段的内容；第一段中提到了补贴，但根据第一段中的the generous subsidies are not favourable ...set landowners in conflicts with other residents可知C项错误；根据第一段中的feel their countryside is being ruined可知不能肯定这项法律就能给居民们带来极大的利益，因此D项是错误的。

　　2.D推理判断题。根据第二段中的Supporters insist that wind must... to meeting EU targets for non-carbon energy generation可知支持者认为“风力农场的拓展应该与欧盟的无碳能源代是一致的”，故D项是正确的。A项“风力农场的拓展比以碳为基础的拓展快得多；”B项“风力农场的拓展能保证能源产量的增加”；C项“风力农场的拓展比核能的拓展要好得多”在文中没涉及到，因此与文意不符合。

　　3.B细节理解题。根据本题中的B、C项中的divided和agreed on可知这两个选项是矛盾的，因此答案就在其一。根据第三段中的最后一句话The two parties in the coalition government are in disagreement over what it should say可知政府中的两党派之间就这一能源政策也是有争议的，故B项正确。根据第三段中提到的官方文件是否发表，而不是它能否解决问题，故A项错误；根据文中的最后一段的最后一句rather than being left with the suspicion that facts are being replaced by political beliefs可知D项“关于能源问题的政治信仰是违背事实的”错误。

　　4.C推理判断题。根据第四段中的publish the report, and let the country be the judge，可知选项C“让人们来判断风力能源的事实”符合文意。A 项“增加政府对能源政策的影响”与let the country be the judge相矛盾；B 项“发表支持着的关于风力农场的声明”，与publish the report相矛盾；根据最后一段中的so that people reach their own conclusion，可知与D项“让两个政党自己得出自己的结论”相矛盾。

　　◇考点5资讯广告类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　综观近年的高考阅读理解，文章在选材上都具有时代性和教育意义，语篇能反映当代社会生活的某个方面，而资讯报道类的文章要点突出，主题鲜明。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　广告类阅读文章具有下面这些特点：

　　1. 材料信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。

　　2. 内容涉及与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。

　　3. 标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。

　　4. 用词特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多，词汇较生僻， 语言不规范， 结构不完整。

　　5. 命题特点： 时事资讯类阅读理解的命题在资讯背景和主体部分设题较多，命题形式主要有细节理解、猜测词义、推理判断和识图等，其中以细节理解和推理判断题为主；广告类阅读理解的命题多以考查具体信息的细节理解题为主，以考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力。

　　【典例1】（2016·安徽）

　　Personal Robot

　　Make your parents and teachers happy!

　　Are you having problems finishing your homework on time? Do you avoid tidying your room until your mom shouts at you? You don’t need to worry if you buy a Mr. Helping Hand personal robot.Mr. H can be programmed to organize your homework.Your own personal robot will follow you around, putting away books and objects that you have left on the floor or bed.

　　Mr. H also has these features (特点):

　　·weighs only 500 grams

　　·includes long-lasting batteries

　　·comes with a 5-year guarantee

　　·remembers simple instructions

　　Originally (最初) sold for $499

　　NOW ONLY $299

　　BUY

　　NOW

　　WATCH CONTROL

　　This is a watch that James Bond would be proud to wear!

　　This is NOT a watch for ordinary people!

　　Your electronic PENGO WATCH CONTROL

　　( acts as a remote control for TVs and videos.

　　( gives you a daily weather forecast.

　　( reminds you when to hand in your homework.

　　( sets off a silent warning alarm when parents or teachers are near.

　　Besides, your PENGO WATCH CONTROL will always tell you the time accurately!

　　Originally sold for $199

　　NOW ONLY $99

　　For further information, click here.

　　1. With help from a Mr.H, you can

　　.

　　A. stop using batteries

　　B. finish your homework on time

　　C. remember your teacher’s instructions

　　D. get your room tidied on your way home

　　2. A PENGO WATCH CONTROL can help you to

　　.

　　A. repair your TV

　　B. organize your homework

　　C. be a James Bond

　　D. know what the weather is like

　　3. You can get your Mr. H for

　　.

　　A. ＄499

　　B. ＄299

　　C. ＄199

　　D. ＄99

　　4. Where would you be most likely to find the two texts?

　　A. On a notice board

　　B. In a company brochure.

　　C. On a teenage website

　　D. In a college newspaper.

　　【文章大意】这是一篇广告，介绍一款为中小学生设计的机器人和手表控制器。

　　1.B细节理解题。从第一则广告中“Are you having problems finishing your homework on time?” “Mr. H can be programmed to organize your homework.”可知正确答案B。

　　2.D细节理解题。从第二则广告中“ your PENGO WATCH CONTROL will always tell you the time accurately”可得出答案D.

　　3.B细节理解题。从第一则广告中NOW ONLY $299可知B项是正确的价格。

　　4.C推理判断题。这是两则广告，根据常识，广告的目的是为了能向更多的人推销产品，而且本文最后有click here，由此推断本文应该来自网络，因此选C。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　资讯广告类阅读理解解题策略：

　　1.认真阅读第一段，根据文章第一段或仅根据第一句就可知道全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。另外，要细读各段的前两句话，因为那通常是该段的中心所在。

　　2. 资讯报道会涉及很多人名、地名等专有名词，千万不要让这些专有名词成为你阅读的“拦路虎”，对人名、地名，包括人名后面漫长的身份介绍，我们在阅读时可以置之不理。

　　3.读完文章看题目，再锁定答案范围，细心比较文章和试题选项的陈述，确定正确答案。

　　◇考点6 介绍说明类

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　介绍说明类的阅读理解体裁更倾向于说明文与议论文，题材涉及范围较广，如人类生活、动物生活习性、社会现象、研究发明、旅游胜地、职业介绍等，另外一类说明文是科普说明文，着重揭示自然界潜在奥秘、生物生存背景等，阅读文章常出现解释性、定义性、说明性长句，甚至可能会出现多种从句叠现的现象，试题的设置多以考查细节理解为主，同时还会涉及推理判断等题型。这样的语篇要求我们在考场上保持冷静，以平静的心态阅读原文，解答试题。同时应认真分析长句句子结构和逻辑关系，这样才能对其做出准确理解。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　说明类阅读理解的试题特征

　　1.词汇题：将陌生单词抽取出来考查考生对于上下的理解。对于这类根据上下文考查你正确推测判断词义的题目。

　　解题技巧：

　　1).返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方；

　　2)注意结合上下文，理解该词的意思。

　　2.细节理解题：考查考生对文中具体信息和概念的理解。

　　解题技巧：考生在做这种类型题时，首先要到原文所在段落，结合上下文句子，理解文意。然后，抓住原文重点词，结合语法和词义，进行归纳，演绎，推理。

　　3.主旨大义题：考查考生对于文章基本观点和要阐述说明的内容。

　　解题技巧：

　　1)注意首段和各段第一句话，将其含义连接成一个整体；

　　2)不要一看首段有问题相关问题就忙于选择答案。

　　4.猜测词义题：考查考生推断文章某处指代词所代表的含义。

　　解题技巧：先向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性词组或句子，然后将词组或句子代入，替换划线的代词，看意思是否通顺，在四个选项中比较，找出最佳答案。

　　5.推理题：包括知识推断、数字推理逻辑推理。它主要考查考生理清上下逻辑关系的能力，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，以及理解作者的意图、观点或态度等。

　　解题技巧：先排除选项中最不可能的答案，然后注意推理时把握"就近"原则。推理题的答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定要经过逻辑推理从原文得出。

　　【典例1】（2016·天津）

　　A Guide to the University

　　Food

　　The TWU Cafeteria is open 7am to 8pm. It serves snacks(小吃), drinks, ice cream bars and meals. You can pay with cash or your ID cards. You can add meal money to your ID cards at the Front Desk. Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria, you can use the tables to eat your lunch, to have meetings and to study.

　　If you are on campus in the evening or lat at night, you can buy snacks, fast food, and drinks in the Lower Café located in the bottom level of the Douglas Centre. This area is often used for entertainment such as concerts, games or TV watching.

　　Relaxation

　　The Globe, located in the bottom level of McMillan Hall, is available for relaxing, studying, cooking, and eating. Monthly activities are held here for all international students. Hours are 10 am to 10 pm, closed on Sundays.

　　Health

　　Located on the top floor of Douglas Hall, the Wellness Centre is committed to physical, emotional and social health. A doctor and nurse is available if you have health questions or need immediate medical help or personal advice. The cost of this is included in your medical insurance. Hours are Monday to Friday, 9am to noon and 1;00 to 4;30pm.

　　Academic Support

　　All students have access to the Writing Centre on the upper floor of Douglas Hall. Here, qualified volunteers will work with you on written work, grammar, vocabulary, and other academic skills. You can sign up for an appointment on the sign-up sheet outside the door two 30 –minute appointments per week maximum. This service is free.

　　Transportation

　　The TWU Express is a shuttle(班车) service. The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre, leaving from the Mattson Centre. Operation hours are between9am and 3pm. Saturdays only. Round trip fare is $1.

　　1. What can you do in the TWU Cafeteria?

　　A. Do homework and watch TV.

　　B. Buy drinks and enjoy concerts.

　　C. Have meals and meet with friends.

　　D. Add money to your ID and play chess.

　　2. Where and when can you cook your own food?

　　A. The Globe, Friday.

　　B. The Lower Café, Sunday.

　　C. The TWU Cafeteria, Friday.

　　D. The McMillan Hall, Sunday.

　　3. The Guide tells us that the Wellness Centre

　　_________.

　　A. is open six days a week

　　B. offers services free of charge

　　C. trains students in medical care

　　D. gives advice on mental health

　　4. How can you seek help from the Writing Centre?

　　A. By applying online.

　　B. By calling the centre.

　　C. By filling in a sign-up form.

　　D. By going to the centre directly.

　　5. What is the function of TWU Express?

　　A. To carry students to the lecture halls.

　　B. To provide students with campus tours

　　C. To take students to the Mattson Centre.

　　D. To transport students to and from the stores.

　　【文章大意】本篇说明文介绍一所大学里的生活指南，包括食物、休闲、健康、学业、交通等。

　　1.C细节理解题。根据文章Food第一段首尾句The TWU Cafeteria is open 7am to 8pm. It serves snacks(小吃), drinks, ice cream bars and meals.和Even if you do not buy your food in the cafeteria, you can use the tables to eat your lunch, to have meetings and to study可知在这里你可以吃东西也可以和朋友见面或者学习。故C正确。

　　2.A推理判断题。根据Relaxation部分的The Globe, located in the bottom level of McMillan Hall, is available for relaxing, studying , cooking, and eating.和closed on Sundays.可知The Globe可以cooking也就是自己做饭。只在星期天是关门的。故A项The Globe, Friday是正确的。

　　3.D推理判断题。根据Health部分中Located on the top floor of Douglas Hall, the Wellness Centre is committed to physical, emotional and social health.可知这个中心致力于身体，精神上的健康问题。也就是说如果你有健康方面的问题，就到这里寻求建议和帮助。故D正确。

　　4.C推理判断题。根据Academic Support部分中 You can sign up for an appointment on the sign-up sheet outside the door two 30 –minute appointments per week maximum. 可知你报名并填写一个报名表就可以参加the Writing Centre得到他们在语法，词汇书写技巧方面的帮助了。故C正确。

　　5.D推理判断题。根据文章最后一部分中的The shuttle transports students between campus and the shopping centre, leaving from the Mattson Centre.可知The TWU Express 的作用就是在学校和商店之间运送学生。因此D正确。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　介绍说明类阅读理解命题形式多样，通常以考查细节理解为主，同时有一定量的推理判断题，有时会涉及排序及数字计算类试题。

　　专题热点集训十五 阅读理解（语篇话题探讨）

　　Passage 1（2015·天津）

　　University Room Regulations

　　Approved and Prohibited Items

　　The following items are approved for use in residential(住宿的) rooms: electric blankets，hair dryers，personal computers，radios，televisions and DVD players. Items that are not allowed in student rooms include: candles，ceiling fans，fireworks，waterbeds，sun lamps and wireless routers. Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.

　　Access to Residential Rooms

　　Students are provided with a combination(组合密码) for their room door locks upon check－in. Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone. The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others. The fee is $25 to change a room combination.

　　Cooking Policy

　　Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen. Students must clean up after cooking. This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff. Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use. With the exception of using a small microwave oven(微波炉) to heat food，students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.

　　Pet Policy

　　No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms. Students who are found with pets，whether visiting or owned by the student，are subject to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet. Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect. If，one week from the date of written notice，the pet is not removed，the student is referred to the Student Court.

　　Quiet Hours

　　Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University. Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11：00 pm to 8：00 am Sunday through Thursday. Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1：00 am to 8：00 am. Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of $25.

　　1. Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms?

　　A. Ceiling fans and waterbeds.

　　B. Wireless routers and radios.

　　C. Hair dryers and candles.

　　D. TVs and electric blankets.

　　2. What if a student is found to have told his combination to others?

　　A. The combination should be changed.

　　B. The Office should be charged.

　　C. He should replace the door lock.

　　D. He should check out of the room.

　　3. What do we know about the cooking policy?

　　A. A microwave oven can be used.

　　B. Cooking in student rooms is permitted.

　　C. A housekeeper is to clean up the kitchen.

　　D. Students are to close kitchen doors after cooking.

　　4. If a student has kept a cat in his room for a week since the warning，he will face ________.

　　A. parent visits

　　B. a fine of $100

　　C. the Student Court

　　D. a written notice

　　5. When can students enjoy a party in residences?

　　A. 7：00 am，Sunday.

　　B. 7：30 am，Thursday.

　　C. 11：30 pm，Monday.

　　D. 00：30 am，Saturday.

　　Passage 2（2015·重庆）

　　In ancient Egypt，a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop simply by making changes to its environment. Modern businesses have been following his lead，with more tactics(策略)．

　　One tactic involves where to display the goods. For example，stores place fruits and vegetables in the first section. They know that customers who buy the healthy food first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food(垃圾食品) later in their trip. In department stores，the women's shoe section is generally next to the women's cosmetics(化妆品) section：while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe，bored customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.

　　Besides，businesses seek to appeal to customers' senses. Stores notice that the smell of baked goods encourages shopping，they make their own bread each morning and then fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day. Music sells goods，too. Researchers in Britain found that when French music was played，sales of French wines went up.

　　When it comes to the selling of houses，businesses also use highly rewarding tactics. They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in the door，and turn it into a business opportunity. A California builder designed the structure of its houses smartly. When entering the house，the customer would see the Pacific Ocean through the windows，and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower level. The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.

　　1. Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section?

　　A. To save customers time.

　　B. To show they are high quality foods.

　　C. To help sell junk food.

　　D. To sell them at discount prices.

　　2. According to Paragraph 3，which of the following encourages customers to buy?

　　A. Opening the store early in the morning.

　　B. Displaying British wines next to French ones.

　　C. Inviting customers to play music.

　　D. Filling the store with the smell of fresh bread.

　　3. What is the California builder's story intended to prove?

　　A. The house structure is a key factor customers consider.

　　B. The more costly the house is，the better it sells.

　　C. An ocean view is much to the customers' taste.

　　D. A good first impression increases sales.

　　4. What is the main purpose of the passage?

　　A. To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.

　　B. To introduces how businesses have grown from the past.

　　C. To report researches on customer behavior.

　　D. To show dishonest business practices.

　　Passage 3（2015·江苏）

　　work.

　　Let's begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example，people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness，to expand their range of experiences，and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs，people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers，you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

　　People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service，some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately，these programs can shift people's wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g.，“I volunteer because it's important to me”) to an external factor(e.g.，“I volunteer because I'm required to do so”). When that happens，people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

　　Once people begin to volunteer，what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question，researchers have conducted follow－up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance，one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you，it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”．

　　Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers' expectations，they found a positive correlation(正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results，once again，lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering，continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity...Items like T－shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”．

　　1. People volunteer mainly out of ________.

　　A. academic requirements

　　B. social expectations

　　C. financial rewards

　　D. internal needs

　　2. What can we learn from the Florida study?

　　A. Follow－up studies should last for one year.

　　B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.

　　C. Strategy training is a must in research.

　　D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.

　　3. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?

　　A. Individual differences in role identity.

　　B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T－shirts.

　　C. Role identity as a volunteer.

　　D. Practical advice from researchers.

　　4. What is the best title of the passage?

　　A. How to Get People to Volunteer

　　B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors

　　C. How to Keep Volunteers' Interest

　　D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities

　　Passage 4（201·浙江）

　　Graph can be a very useful tool for conveying information especially numbers，percentages，and other data. A graph gives the reader a picture to interpret. That can be a lot more efficient than pages and pages explaining the data.

　　Graphs can seem frightening，but reading a graph is a lot like reading a story. The graph has a title，a main idea，and supporting details. You can use your active reading skills to analyze and understand graphs just like any other text.

　　Most graphs have a few basic parts: a caption or introduction paragraph，a title，a legend or key and labeled axes. An active reader looks at each part of the graph before trying to interpret the data. Captions will usually tell you where the data came from(for example，a scientific study of 400 African elephants from 1980 to 2005). Captions usually summarize the author's main point as well. The title is very important. It tells you the main idea of the graph by stating what kind of information is being shown. A legend，also called a key，is a guide to the symbols and colors used in the graph. Many graphs，including bar graphs and line graphs，have two axes that form a corner. Usually these axes are the left side and the bottom of the graph. Each axis will always have a label. The label tells you what each axis measures.

　　Grade Earned

　　Graph 1. Students Performance On

　　Social Studies Quiz

　　Bar Graphs

　　A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1，we see that the x－axis shows grades that students earned，and the y－axis shows how many students earned each grade.You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this(See Graph 1)．

　　Line Graphs

　　A line graph looks similar to a bar graph，but instead of bars，it plots points and connects them with a line.It has the same parts as a bar graph—two labeled axes—and can be read the same way.To read a line graph，it's important to

　　Graph 2. The Pipit's Spring Migration

　　focus on the points of intersection rather than the line segments between the points，This type of graph is most commonly used to show how something changes over time. Here is a graph that charts how far a bird flies during the first five days of its spring migration(See Graph 2)．

　　The unit of measurement for the x－axis is days. The unit of measurement for the yaxis is kilometers. Thus we can see that，on the first day，the pipit flew 20 kilometers. The line segment goes up between Day 1 and Day 2，which means that the bird flew farther on Day 2.If the line segment angled down，as between Day 4 and Day 5，it would mean that the bird flew fewer kilometers than the day before. This line graph is a quick，visual way to tell the reader about the bird's migration.

　　Pie Graphs

　　Graph 3. Amy's June Expenses

　　A typical pie graph looks like a circular pie. The circle is divided into sections，and each section represents a fraction of the data. The graph is commonly used to show percentages; the whole pie represents 100 percent，so each piece is a fraction of the whole.

　　A pie graph might include a legend，or it might use icons or labels within each slice. This pie graph shows one month's expense(See Graph 3)．

　　Food $25

　　Movies $12

　　Clothing $36

　　Savings $20

　　Books $7

　　. When used in a graph，a legend is ________.

　　A. a guide to the symbols and colors

　　B. an introduction paragraph

　　C. the main idea

　　D. the data

　　. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better?

　　A. 4.

　　B. 6.

　　C. 10.

　　D. 20.

　　3. The bird covered the longest distance on ________.

　　A. Day 1

　　B. Day 2

　　C. Day 3

　　D. Day 4

　　4. Which of the following cost Amy most?

　　A. Food.

　　B. Books.

　　C. Movies.

　　D. Clothing.

　　Passage 4（201·福建）

　　Then came the moment—the time to share the day's new learning.

　　Papa，at the head of the table，would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine，ready to listen.

　　“Felice，” he'd say，“tell me what you learned today.”

　　“I learned that the population of Nepal is...”

　　Silence.

　　Papa was thinking about what was said，as if the salvation(拯救) of the world would depend upon it. “The population of Nepal. Hmm. Well...” he'd say. “Get the map; let's see where Nepal is.” And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.

　　This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn. Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.

　　As children，we thought very little about these educational wonders. Our family，however，was growing together，sharing experiences and participating in one another's education. And by looking at us，listening to us，respecting our input，affirming(肯定)our value，giving us a sense of dignity，Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.

　　Later during my training as a future teacher，I studied with some of the most famous educators. They were imparting(传授) what Papa had known all along—the value of continual learning. His technique has served me well all my life. Not a single day has been wasted，though I can never tell when knowing the population of Nepal might prove useful.

　　1. What do we know from the first paragraph?

　　A. The author's father was born in a worker's family.

　　B. Those born stupid could not change their life.

　　C. The town elders wanted to learn about the world.

　　D. The poor could hardly afford school education.

　　2. The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “________”．

　　A. one new thing

　　B. a request

　　C. the news

　　D. some comment

　　3. It can be learned from the passage that the author ________.

　　A. enjoyed talking about news

　　B. knew very well about Nepal

　　C. felt regret about those wasted days

　　D. appreciated his father's educational technique

　　4. What is the greatest value of “dinner time” to the author?

　　A. Continual learning.

　　B. Showing talents.

　　C. Family get－together.

　　D. Winning Papa's approval.

　　5. The author's father can be best described as ________.

　　A. an educator expert at training future teachers

　　B. a parent insistent on his children's education

　　C. a participant willing to share his knowledge

　　D. a teacher strict about everything his students did

　　Passage 5（201·湖北）

　　rn architecture.

　　In history，Hilversum was largely an agricultural area.Daily life was marked by farming，sheep raising and wool production.A railway link to Amsterdam in 1874 attracted rich traders from Amsterdam to Hilversum.They built themselves large villas(别墅) in the wooded surroundings of the town.One of the families moving in was the Brenninkmeijers，currently the wealthiest family of the Netherlands.They moved in after big success in the textile industry and aided a substantial textile industry in Hilversum.But the textile boom lasted only several decades.The last factory closed in the 1960s.

　　The change to a media economy started in 1920，when the Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek(NSF) established a radio factory in Hilversum.Most radio stations settled in the large villas in the leafy areas of the town. Television gave another push to the local economy. Hilversum became the media capital of the Netherlands，and Dutch television stars moved into the leafy neighborhoods surrounding the town.

　　In the early 1900s，modern architects W. M. Dudok and J. Duiker placed hundreds of remarkable buildings in Hilversum. These modern architectural masterpieces(杰作) are so many that Hilversum almost feels like an open air museum. Dudok alone shaped most of 20th century Hilversum and approximately 75 buildings still bear his unique characteristics. His masterpiece，Hilversum Town Hall was built in 1928－1931. It has wide international fame and is included in many architecture textbooks. The building has a remarkable shape and looks like a combination of “blocks”. Actually，one may start his journey of modern architecture by walking or biking the W. M. Dudok Architectural Route in Hilversum.

　　1. Hilversum is different from most of the Netherlands in that ________.

　　A. it has a large population

　　B. it is cut off from big cities

　　C. it has many beautiful gardens

　　D. it is in a hilly area with sandy soil

　　2. What was the greatest contribution of the Brenninkmeijers to Hilversum?

　　A. Building a railway link to Amsterdam.

　　B. Helping the textile industry to develop.

　　C. Constructing large villas for the poor.

　　D. Assisting its agricultural industry.

　　3. The beginning of the media industry in Hilversum was marked by the establishment of ________.

　　A. a radio factory

　　B. the media capital

　　C. a radio station

　　D. a TV station

　　4. What is known about W. M. Dudok's Hilversum Town Hall?

　　A. It consists of approximately 75 buildings.

　　B. It looks like an open air museum in the city.

　　C. It is a classic example in architecture textbooks.

　　D. It has shaped most of 20th century Hilversum.

　　Passage 6（2015·广东）w in the following chapters.

　　1. Why was the author upset in the fishing trips when he was nine?

　　A. He could not catch a fish.

　　B. His father was not patient with him.

　　C. His father did not teach him fishing.

　　D. He could not influence a fish as his father did.

　　2. What did the author's father really mean?

　　A. To read about fish.

　　B. To learn fishing by oneself.

　　C. To understand what fish think.

　　D. To study fishing in many ways.

　　3. According to the author，fish are most likely to be found ________.

　　A. in deep water on sunny days

　　B. in deep water on cloudy days

　　C. in shallow water under sunlight

　　D. in shallow water under waterside trees

　　4. After entering the business world，the author found ________.

　　A. it easy to think like a customer

　　B. his father's fishing advice inspiring

　　C. his first boss's sales ideas reasonable

　　D. it difficult to sell services to poor people

　　5. This passage most likely comes from ________.

　　A. a fishing guide

　　B. a popular sales book

　　C. a novel on childhood

　　D. a millionaire's biography

　　Passage 7（201·安徽）

　　colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.

　　Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner，these little creatures have survived on Earth for more than 140 million years，far longer than dinosaurs. Because they think as one，they have a collective(集体的) intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.

　　1. We can learn from the passage that ants are ________.

　　A. not willing to share food

　　B. not found around the poles

　　C. more successful than all other animals

　　D. too many to achieve any level of organization

　　2. Ants can use pheromones for ________.

　　A. escape

　　B. communication

　　C. warning enemies

　　D. arranging labor

　　3. What does the underlined expression “take on” in Paragraph 3 mean?

　　A. Accept.

　　B. Employ.

　　C. Play with.

　　D. Fight against.

　　4. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants?

　　A. Their behavior.

　　B. Their size.

　　C. Their number.

　　D. Their weight.

　　专题热点集训十五 阅读理解（语篇话题探讨）

　　参考答案与解析

　　Passage 1（2015·天津）

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。是一篇大学生宿舍管理规定。

　　1. D 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】根据文章正文部分第一个小标题Approved and Prohibited Items下的前两句可知，电视机和电热毯是允许在宿舍内使用的。

　　2. A 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】根据正文第二个小标题Access to Residential Rooms下的倒数第二句可知，如果发现学生将门锁组合密码告知他人，则宿管科会责成该学生付费变更门锁组合密码。

　　3. A 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】根据文章正文部分第三个小标题Cooking Policy下的最后一句可知，学生们不可以在房间里做饭，但是可以用微波炉加热食物。

　　4. C 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】根据文章正文部分第四个小标题下的内容可知，如果学生被发现在宿舍内豢养宠物，则会被处以100美元的罚款和每天50美元的追加罚款，以及书面的警告。如果从警告发出一个星期后宠物依然没有被转移走，则该生会被提交至学生法庭处理。

　　5. D 【命题思路】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】根据文章正文最后一个小标题Quiet Hours下的最后一句可知，周五和周六晚上从凌晨一点到上午八点为肃静时间，而周六凌晨00：30分不在这个时间区间内，所以学生可以在宿舍开派对。

　　Passage 2（2015·重庆）

　　文章大意 ：本文是一篇说明文。商业策略，在古埃及就有，在现代更为常见。超市里商品的组合和摆放位置，顾客的味觉、听觉和视觉等都是影响商品销售的重要因素。

　　1. C 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】从文章的第二段第二句和第三句可以看出，超市里“fruits and vegetables” 放在“the first section”为的是“they will buy more junk food later in their trip. ”故选C。

　　2. D 【命题意图】细节理解题。

　　【解题思路】第三段第二句说明商品的气味有利于商品的销售。在D项中就谈到了面包的气味。第三段的最后一句虽然讲到听觉对顾客购买商品的影响，但C项中说的是邀请顾客去play music。A项和B项文中都没有谈到。故选D。

　　3. D 【命题意图】推理判断题。

　　【解题思路】第四段第二句说到“...customers make decisions in the first seconds...”，顾客在起初的几秒钟往往就决定了是否购买商品，说明好的第一印象有利于提高商品的销量。在the California builder's story里的ocean和pool，只是为了说明顾客的第一印象而没有说明是房子的结构、价格或者顾客的品位。故选D。

　　4. A 【命题意图】写作意图题。

　　【解题思路】本文旨在介绍一些商业策略，从“where to display the goods”到“appeal to customers' sense”，再介绍rewarding tactics，目的都是为了吸引更多的顾客。B项说business如何从过去演变。C项说是顾客行为的研究。D项说显示一些不诚实的商业实践。纵观全文B、D都没有在文章中体现，C项也不是文章的目的。故选A。

　　Passage 3（201·江苏）

　　文章大意

　　Passage 4（201·浙江）

　　【文章大意】

　　Passage 4（201·福建）

　　【文章大意】

　　Passage 5（201·湖北）

　　文章大意

　　Passage 6（201·广东）

　　【语篇解读】

　　Passage 7（201·安徽）

　　【文章大意】