2016届高考英语二轮专题热点集训：专题14 阅读理解（命题类型探讨）

　　专题十四

　　阅读理解(命题类型探讨)

　　【命题趋势探秘】

　　命题规律考查内容 考查度 ☆☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆ ☆☆☆☆

　　考查题型 所占分值

　　4—6分 2—4分

　　命题

　　趋势所选短文话题新颖，内容丰富，在考查考生语言能力的同时，考生丰富知识，开阔眼界。要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：理解主旨和要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图、观点和态度。题干及选项设置科学严谨、简洁精炼，使用课程标准以外的词汇设置信息定位具体，考点分布均匀，语言表达简洁准确少量信息查询题外，更多的试题涉及信息重述、主题理解、推理判断、篇章结构、作者意图等，对思维能力的要求较高。以完整问句的形式出现不必通篇细看原文，可带着问题找答案及查读快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句仔细品味，确定答案。排除法．将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。做这种题时可采用首尾定位法，即最先找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。2016·新课标全国卷I）

　　The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge

　　Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!

　　The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.

　　Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue, Cambridge 02139 by Friday, February 8th.

　　Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will be exhibited and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served.

　　Between March 10th and March 15th, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are available at: http://cambridgesciencefestival.org.

　　1.Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge?

　　A. School students. B. Cambridge locals. C. CSF winners. D. MIT artists.

　　2.When will the prize-giving ceremony be held?

　　A. On February 8th.

　　B. On March 10th. C. On March 15th. D. On April 21st.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。创新挑战赛的参赛通知。该通知介绍了参赛对象、参赛项目和奖项的设置等方面的事项安排。

　　1细节理解题。从文章第一段第二句的The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.不难得知该比赛让学生来参赛的A。

　　2细节理解题。从文章第三段第一句的Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSA on Sunday, April 21st中不难得知颁奖的日期是4月21日。故选D。

　　“greener” toward the environment. “We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it,”says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.

　　But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement. “The understanding has increased many, many times,”says Gaylord Nelson, the fromer governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.

　　According to US government reports, emissions (排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “Green thinking” has become part of practices.

　　Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.

　　Twenty-five years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today, it’s hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program. “Until we do that, nothing else will change!” say Bruce Anderson.

　　1. According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about_________.

　　A. the social movement B. recycling techniques

　　C. environmental problems D. the importance of Earth Day

　　2. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?

　　A. The grass–roots level. B. The business circle.

　　C. Government officials. D. University professors.

　　3. What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?

　　A. They have cut car emissions to the lowest.

　　B. They have settled their environmental problems.

　　C. They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.

　　D. They have reduced pollution through effective measures.

　　【文章大意1970年的第一个“地球日”以来，美国人在环保问题的认识的改变，以及采取的有效措施，积极应对环境问题等，并且最后也指出了教育在环保方面的重要性。

　　1.C 细节理解题。从第一段的“We didn’t know at that time there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it那个时候我们不知道环境的存在，更别提环境问题了，说明了当时美国人对于环境问题没有足够的认识。A选项social environment错在了指社会环境，B选项主要指回收的技巧，范围太窄，D选项应该是environment的重要，而不是Earth Day的重要性。

　　2.A 细节理解题。根据第二段的第二句话business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially milling of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement商人，政治领导人，大学教授，尤其是成千上万的基层的美国人正在参与这项运动。这里强调了对于这个运动的支持者应该是那些普通的美国人，因此答案应该是grass-roots level。而排除前面提到的那几类人。

　　3.D 细节理解题。根据文章的第三段第一句话说明了汽车和卡车的排放从103百万吨降到了5.5百万吨，排除答案A。结合第二句二氧化碳排放超标的城市从40个降到了9个，证明C错误。根据第三句话的意义“环境问题依然是一个严重的问题，”说明了这个问题没有得到解决，排除B。然后通过本段列举的这些数字，证明了美国人采取了有效措施，治理了环境问题，因此答案选D。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　那么，我们该如何解答阅读理解的细节理解试题呢？

　　1.掌握适当的解题技巧

　　1)考查细节理解的试题不会将相关信息直接复现在选项中，正确的选项都是在原文的基础上进行改动，即同义替换，将原文中的个别几个词进行同义替换。比如原文用名词表示动作，选项则用动词直接转述，或原文用的是比较生僻的词汇，选项用考生更熟悉的词汇进行转述等。

　　2)如果选项中有意思相反的两个选项，那么其中一个就是对的；用文章里举例的句子作为选项时，这个选项往往会成为命题人以假乱真的好题眼；

　　3)文章中有些句子只是解释补充，或者起过渡作用，这样的句子比较短，如果相关内容出现在选项中，那么通常会是干扰项，一些作为过渡的句子不会是答案。

　　4)每个细节理解的试题在原文中都要有一个定位，然后精读，找出这个中心句或关键词。

　　5)如果某一选项中的几个单词是该段中不同句子的单词拼凑的，或者从不同的段落里的词拼凑在一起的，有时看上去很舒服，很有道理，但是要注意，这一定是干扰项。总之，选项的单词是拼凑的，肯定错。

　　6)注意问题的主语是谁，它与原文题眼的主语原则上是一致的，主语不一致，那么我们就要提防了。

　　7)在阅读时要注意各段的“关键词”。关键词就是句子主干的宾语。尤其是一些你觉得比较重要的句子，这样的句子多数是长难句，命题人会利用这些长难句做文章，比如在长难句的修饰部分(如状语、定语等)做手脚，此时要留意分析长难句的内容。

　　8)对于文章中however后面的句子一定要重视，因为这里往往就是文章要凸现的主题，也是细节理解试题的常用题眼。如：

　　（2016·北京） The all-new Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium, situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD, is one of Victoria’s leading visitor attractions and an unforgettable outing for the whole family. Having 12 amazing zones of discovery, Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is the very place that you cannot miss when you visit the city.

　　56. Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium _________ .

　　A. is located at the center of the CBD in the city

　　B. has 12 most attractive places in Melbourne

　　C. admits visitors from 9:30 am untill 6:00 pm

　　D. is beside Crown Entertainment Complex

　　【解析】A细节理解题。本段第一句说这个水族馆situated in the heart of Melbourne’s CBD，这与A项转述为at the center of，与文章的描述一致，因此选A。

　　另外，为提高答题的准确率，我们在阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：

　　①标志类、指示类的信息。

　　a.表示并列关系：and;also;coupled with等

　　b.表示转折关系：but;yet;however;by contrast等

　　c.表示因果关系：therefor;thereby;consequently;as a result等

　　d.表示递进关系：in addition to;even;what’more;furthermore等

　　e.表示重要性的词：prime;above all;first等

　　以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握子主干，即找出整句的主语、谓语、宾语（表语）；找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语等；3)找出各个从句的引导词；4)分析各成分之间的关系；5)注意插入语等其它成分；6)分析固定词组或固定搭配。These are among some 40 collections that are being shown at “The Museum Of”—the first of several new museums which, over the next two years, will exhibit the objects accumulated by unknown collectors.

　　句子成分分析：首先找出这个句子的主干部分：本句使用了“主系表”结构，本句用介词短语作表语，介词宾语collections接了that引导的定语从句，这个定语从句的介词宾语The Museum Of后面接了同位语，这个同位语的介词宾语部分又出现一个用which引导的定语从句。

　　句意：这些都是在“主题博物馆”正在展出的大约40件藏品之列，在将来的两年里，该博物馆和其他几个新的博物馆都将展出由不出名的收藏者积累的各种物品。

　　在解答细节理解试题时，考生容易出现下面这些问题：

　　1)准确率高，但阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧；

　　2)读的太快做题靠印象和直觉先看题目，后读文章。先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，重叠选项，选出答案。要有把握文章宏观结构、中心句的能力。

　　TELEPHONE (02)9270111

　　Join in the holiday fun ay the powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition, Evolution & Revolution: Chinese dress 1700s to now. DON’T FORGET our other special event, the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus（马戏团）！150 years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!

　　•Chinese Folk Dancing: Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney. Dances include: the Golden and the Chinese drum dance. A feature will be the Qin dynasty Emperor’s count dance. Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing opera performances.

　　Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall, at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.

　　1.When can you watch the Chinese drum dance?

　　A. On July 2.

　　B. On July 3.

　　C. On July 6.

　　D. On July 8.

　　【解析】A细节理解题。在Chinese Folk Dancing栏目中找到的关键词the Chinese drum dance，再寻找相关的时间：在七月二日可观看中国的大鼓表演。由此确定正确答案是A。

　　◇考点2推理判断题

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　高考阅读理解试题中考查推理判断的试题包括考查对文中某一长难句中具体细节的推断、文中涉及的事件之间因果关系的推断、根据语篇的行文和用词特点来判断文章的来源与读者对象，以及判断作者的写作意图，判断作者对中心话题的态度倾向。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　高考阅读理解试题中考查推理判断的试题主要从下面几个方面设题：

　　1.考查对细节的推断

　　细节推断要求考生根据语篇内容推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。因果推断

　　要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。写作意图

　　要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。态度

　　考查考生做这一类题时一定要留意：

　　正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点。

　　2留意表达感情、态度观点的词语作者的措词。

　　3结合自己积累的英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来。You’ve flown halfway around the world; you’ve sniffed out this place that nobody in Falongland or Thailand seems to have ever heard of; so what on earth is there to do here? You consider this question as you sink into an old wooden beach chair that holds you above the sand.

　　It was a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee. By the time you found the bus station and got yourself sorted out, it took almost as long as the flight from Falongland.

　　Huaplee is located just south of Hua Hin, about two hundred kilometres from Bangkok, down the west side of the Gulf of Thailand. Not many tourists find this place, and the ones that do wonder if finding it has been their purpose all along.

　　There’s an apparent laziness that surrounds you here. It’s what this place offers, and it’s free of charge. The small waves that tap the shoreline seem to slow everything down. You settle into your beach chair in preparation for a long rest. You sit there and watch the sea.

　　It’s early afternoon, so the cook comes out and asks what you’d like to eat this evening. Before long he’s rushed off to the market to buy the ingredients for whatever it was that you ordered—every meal fresh and to order. No menu here.

　　There is no poolside noise here but just that wonderfully warm, clear blue sea. There’s no street noise. The only sounds are the murmurs of nature.

　　For now you just count your blessings (福祉), listing them in the sand with your toe (脚趾). You don’t have to worry about being late for work. You don’t have to do anything.

　　The beach to your right stretches off to the horizon (地平线), slowly narrowing to nothingness only to re-emerge again on your left, now steadily widening until it covers the chair beneath you. Sand to your left and sand to your right; it’s unbroken, endless. No start, no end, just sand, sun, and peace. Step off it, and you re-enter the world of traffic, stress, work, and hurry.

　　Normally you’re the type who can’t sit still for more than ten minutes, but you’re on Huaplee Lazy Beach now and, in the right frame of mind, it stretches all the way around the world.

　　“How could it take me so long to find it?” you wonder.

　　1. When the author first went to Huaplee Beach, ______.

　　A. he found it unworthwhile B. he failed to sort himself out

　　C. he became sensitive to smell D. he had difficulty in finding it

　　2. What is special about the food service at Huaplee Beach?

　　A. No menu.

　　B. Free food.

　　C. Self service.

　　D. Quick delivery.

　　3. In the author’s opinion, a tourist can enjoy Huaplee Beach most when he ______.

　　A. sits in a beach chair

　　B. forgets his daily routine

　　C. plans a detailed schedule D. draws pictures in the sand

　　4. What does the author imply by his question at the end of the passage?

　　A. He shouldn’t have counted his blessings.

　　B. He should have understood the wonder of nature.

　　C. He shouldn’t have spent so much time on the trip.

　　D. He should have come to the place earlier.

　　【文章大意flown halfway around the world，a long journey from Bangkok to Huaplee，it took almost as long as the flight，因此选D。

　　2.A细节理解题。第五段说到作者在这里就餐的情况：你说要吃什么，厨师就去菜场买，没有现成的菜单，一切都是新鲜的，按指示提单(to order)，因此选A，而不是“饭菜不要钱、自己买自己做、送货上门速度快”。

　　3.B推理判断题。第七段说，来到这个海滩，用脚趾在海滩上把自己的那些福气比画出来，别担心上班迟到，什么都不用干，这与B项描述是一致的：忘掉你每天的日常工作，享受大海的悠闲和静谧。

　　4.D推理判断题。在叙述我们日常工作的劳顿之后，最后两段说到在这里能够做一次懒人，“我怎么花了那么长时间才找到这里呢？”显然，作者的意思不是责备自己不该只想着自己的福祉、应该早点了解大自然的神奇，或者准备自己不该在路途花太多时间，而是D，应该早点放下手头的忙碌，来这里感受慵懒。因此选D。

　　【典例2】（2016·浙江）

　　A city child’s summer is spent in the street in front of his home, and all through the long summer vacations I sat on the edge of the street and watched enviously the other boys on the block play baseball. I was never asked to take part even when one team had a member missing梟ot out of special cruelty, but because they took it for granted I would be no good at it. They were right, of course.

　　I would never forget the wonderful evening when something changed. The baseball ended about eight or eight thirty when eit grew dark. Then it was the custom of the boys to retire to a little stoop(门廊) that stuck out from the candy store on the corner and that somehow had become theirs. No grownup ever sat there or attempted to. There the boys would sit, mostly talking about the games played during the day and of the game to be played tomorrow. Then long silences would fall and the boys would wander off one by one. It was just after one of those long silences that my life as an outsider changed. I can no longer remember which boy it was that summer evening who broke the silence with a question, but whoever he was, I nod to him gratefully now. “What’s in those books you’re always reading?” he asked casually. “Stories,” I answered. “What kind?” asked somebody else without much interest.

　　Nor do I know what drove me to behave as I did, for usually I just sat there in silence, glad enough to be allowed to remain among them; but instead of answering his question, I told them for two hours the story I was reading at the moment. The book was Sister Carrie. They listened bug-eyed and breathless. I must have told it well, but I think there was another and deeper reason that made them so keen an audience. Listening to a tale being told in the dark is one of the most ancient of man’s entertainments, but I was offering them as well, without being aware of doing it, a new and exciting experience.

　　The books they themselves read were the Rover Boys or Tom Swift or G.A.Henty. I had read them too, but at thirteen I had long since left them behind. Since I was much alone I had become an enthusiastic reader and I had gone through the books-for-boys series. In those days there was no reading material between children’s and grownups’books, or I could find none. I had gone right from Tome Swift and His Flying Machine to Theodore Dreiser and Sister Carrie. Dreiser had hit my young mind, and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder that I had had in reading it.

　　The next night and many nights thereafter, a kind of unspoken ritual (仪式) took place. As it grew dark, I would take my place in the center of the stoop and begin the evening’s tale. Some nights, in order to taste my victory more completely, I cheated. I would stop at the most exciting part of a story by Jack London or Bret Harte, and without warning tell them that that was as far as I had gone in the book and it would have to be continued the following evening. It was not true, of course; but I had to make certain of my new-found power and position. I enjoyed the long summer evenings until school began in the fall. Other words of mine have been listened to by larger and more fashionable audiences, but for that tough and athletic one that sat close on the stoop outside the candy store, I have an unreasoning love that will last forever.

　　1. Watching the boys playing baseball, the writer must have felt ________.

　　A. bitter and lonely

　　B. special and different

　　C. pleased and excited

　　D. disturbed and annoyed

　　2. The writer feels grateful even now to the boy who asked the question because the boy ________.

　　A. invited him to join in their game

　　B. liked the book that he was reading

　　C. broke the long silence of that summer evening

　　D. offered him an opportunity that changed his life

　　3. According to Paragraph 3, story-telling was popular among the boys basically because ________.

　　A. the story was from a children’s book

　　B. listening to tales was an age-old practice

　　C. the boys had few entertainments after dark

　　D. the boys didn’t read books by themselves

　　4.The boys were attracted to Sister Carrie because ________.

　　A. it was written by Theodore Dreiser

　　B. it was specifically targeted at boys

　　C. it gave them a deeper feeling of pleasure

　　D. it talked about the wonders of the world

　　5. Sometimes the writer stopped at the most exciting part of a story to _______.

　　A. play a mean trick on the boys

　　B. experience more joy of achievement

　　C. add his own imagination to the story

　　D. help the boys understand the story better

　　6. What is the message conveyed in the story?

　　A. One can find his position in life in his own way.

　　B. Friendship is built upon respect for each other.

　　C. Reading is more important than playing games.

　　D. Adult habits are developed from childhood.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者不会打棒球，没有街上的小孩打棒球，心里倍感孤独，但是作者却通过向别人讲述自己读的书这一方式与打棒球的小孩们打成了一片并且找到了生活的意义。

　　.A推理判断题enviously(羡慕地；嫉妒地)可以推知，作者看其他孩子打棒球的时候，心情是痛苦而又孤独的，其他几个选项均不合题意。

　　.D推理判断题根据第二段中的It was just after bone of those ……I nod to him gratefully now可知，正是小男孩打破沉默主动与作者攀谈改变了作者的生活，使他不在一直都是一个局外人。

　　.B细节理解题根据第三段中……but I think there was another and deeper reason……man‘s entertainments可知，作者认为，这些男孩之所以愿意听自己讲故事，是因为听故事是自古以来就倍受青睐的活动。

　　.C细节理解题根据倒数第二段的最后一句……and they listened to me tell the story with some of the wonder that I had had in reading it可知，男孩们被Sister Carrie这本书被吸引了，主要是因为这本书里面充满了奇幻的色彩，听起来让他们感到了获取知识的快乐。

　　. B细节理解题根据最后一段I would stop at the most……It was not true……make certain of my new-found power and position可知，作者之所以在一个故事最激动人心的地方停下来，主要是为了让讲故事持续的时间长一些，以便体验更多的成就感所带来的快乐。

　　.A推理判断题本文首先描述了作者观看别人打棒球而自己不能参与，倍感失落，到后来通过给打棒球的小孩讲书上的故事的方式，找到了自己的长处和成就感的来源，所以A选项“每个人都能以自己的方式找到自己人生的位置”是本文想要传递的信息。

　　来归纳出文章的主题做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。London’s newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.

　　The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano. When he began designing the Shard for London, Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire (尖顶). He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city. The sides of the building aren’t regular. So the building has an unusual shape. It looks like a very thin, sharp piece of broken glass. And that is how the building got the name: the Shard. Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition. The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts (桅杆) of the ships that were once on the river Thames.

　　The Shard has 87 floors. At the top, there is an observatory. At the moment the building is empty, but eventually there will be a five-star hotel. There will also be top quality restaurants, apartments and offices.

　　Before building work began, a lot of people didn’t want the Shard though the plans were approved. Now they are still unhappy about the Shard. Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York, but not in London. They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape. But that is the only thing. There is no decoration, only flat surfaces. The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago. They also think the Shard is too big for London. It destroys the beauty of the city.

　　Other critics don’t like what the Shard seems to represent. They say that the Shard shows how London is becoming more unequal. Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel. But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London. So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.

　　The Shard now dominates the London skyline. It is not certain, however, that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.

　　1. London’s newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of ______.

　　A. its cost B. its size C. its shape D. its height

　　2. When he designed the Shard, Piano wanted it to ______.

　　A. change London’s skyline B. inherit London’s tradition

　　C. imitate the Egyptian style D. attract potential visitors

　　3. The critics who refer to social division think the Shard ______.

　　A. is only preferred by the rich

　　B. is intended for wealthy people

　　C. is far away from the poor area D. is popular only with Londoners

　　4. Which would be the best title for the passage?

　　A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps

　　B. The Shard: Work of a Great Architect

　　C. The Shard: New Symbol of London? D. The Shard: A Change for the Better?

　　【文章大意thin, sharp piece of broken glass)，因此选C。

　　2.B推理判断题。第二段谈到设计师的想法：因为水晶宫的尖顶外形是伦敦传统的一部分(part of a great London tradition)，因此选B。

　　3.B细节理解题。第五段说有些批评家不喜欢水晶宫所代表的元素，说只有少数有钱人才能住进那里，而它所在地却是穷人区，因此他们说水晶宫是社会贫富等级分界的一个标志。由此可知选B。

　　4.D主旨大意题。全文介绍英国伦敦的欧洲第一高楼“水晶宫”，文章开头说这个摩天大楼的修建改变了伦敦的外观，后面说到人们对这座摩天大楼的批评意见，因此D项能概括本文的主题：“水晶宫”摩天大楼，是非均有人评说。

　　【2】’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer. Unfortunately, rich countries possess most of this knowledge, while developing countries do not.

　　ORBIS is an international non-profit organization which operates the world’s only flying teaching eye hospital. ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide. Inside a DC-8 aircraft, there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and classroom. Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people there. Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作) among countries.

　　ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three-week medical programs. ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses, who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year. ORBIS has conducted 17 plane programs in China so far. For the seven to ten million blind in China, ORBIS is planning to do more for them. At the moment an ORBIS team is working on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care service to Shanxi Province. ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from blindness.

　　For just US $38, you can help one person see; for $380 you can bring sight to 10 people; $1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills; and for $13,000 you can provide a training programme for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your money can open their eyes to the world. Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.

　　1. The first paragraph is intended to ______.

　　introduce a new way of reading

　　advise the public to lead a simple life

　　direct the public’s attention to the blind

　　Encourage the public to use imagination

　　2. What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?

　　They are adequate

　　B.They have not been updated.

　　C.They are not equally distributed

　　D.They have benefited most of the blind

　　3. ORRIS aims to help the blind by ______.

　　teaching medical students

　　B.training doctors and nurses

　　C.running flying hospitals globally

　　D. setting up non-profit organization

　　4. What does the authour try to do in the last paragragh?

　　Appeal for donations

　　B.Make an advertisement

　　C. Promote training programs

　　D.Show sympathy for the blind

　　5. What can be the best title for the passage?

　　ORRIS in China

　　B.Fighting Blindness

　　C.ORRIS Flying Hospital

　　D.Sight-seeing Techniques

　　【文章大意knowledge, while developing countries do not.”可知，现存的医疗知识和技能在世界的分布是不均的。根据第一句“With existing medical knowledge and skills, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind should not have to suffer.”可知其余三项有误。

　　3.B细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句“Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people here.”以及第四段第二句“Doctors had taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and nurses.”可知，ORBIS的目的是帮助培训医生和护士。

　　4.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容尤其是倒数第二句“Your money can open their eyes to the world.”可知，作者在最后一段的目的是吸引捐助。

　　5.C主旨大意题。综观全文可知，本文主要介绍了ORBIS飞行医院项目。A项范围太小了；B项偏题了；D项范围太大了，而且也偏题了。

　　【技巧点拨】

　　1. 主旨大意试题错误选项的特点

　　1)无中生有或断章取义。即在短文中没有提到或有的选项中的某些词语取自文章中，但经过推敲之后你会发现这类选项的内容与文章的内容不相符合。

　　2)以偏概全。有些选项只阐述了文章的部分内容，这往往会让学生在选择答案时举棋不定。

　　3)概括不够或概括过度。即错误选项归纳的主题以部分代整体，或超出了文章实际所涉及的内容，缺乏针对性。

　　2.主旨大意试题的解题技巧

　　1)大意类。

　　文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落大意主要由主题句来体现，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开，因此识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。

　　考生在做这类题时，要注意每段的主题句。文章的主题句大多位于开头或结尾，有时也位于文章的中间。有时文章没有明显的主题句，我们就要通过关键词来概括出主题句，进而归纳出文章的主题。没有主题句时，我们就找关键词，首先要注意找出题干与选项中的关键词，然后找出所读文章中的关键词，进行比较。抓住了关键词，就很容易找出文章的主旨大意。

　　2)标题类。

　　文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。标题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。做这类题时，要把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项排除掉。

　　◇考点4猜测词义题

　　【基础知识梳理】

　　作为高考阅读理解四大题型之一，猜测词义的试题在阅读理解试题中所占比例比较小，比如2016年全国课标两套试卷共有3题，2016年全国课标两套卷一共只有1题，2016年全国课标和大纲共三套试卷有5题考查考生结合语境猜测词汇和短语的含义。一般来说，考生在猜测词义试题方面的答题正确率高于考查细节理解和推理判断的试题，但是有不少考生缺乏必要的猜测词义的能力，或忽视了上下文，导致出现判断失误。

　　【核心考点讲练】

　　一．猜测词义试题的归类

　　1.考查“不明身份”的代词指代

　　代词指代判断题要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系，判断划线的人称代词或指示在文章所指代对象，人称代词包括考查it(指动物、无生命的事物、特定的事件或人)，they/them(指代人、物、事件等的复数名词)，he/she等人称代词的指代意义，以及考查指示代词this,that,these,those等在文章中的指代意义，以考查考生对文章所叙述的特定的人、物、事件的再认能力。

　　解答代词指代试题时，我们要认真阅读划线代词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，搞清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。

　　2.考查“熟词生义”的词汇理解

　　英语词汇的含义丰富，搭配灵活，一些熟词在不同的语境或不同的搭配中有不同的含义，而这些含义与其本义有时没有密切的联系，这就需要我们结合语境来推断其含义；有时这些词语的新义既体现了基本含义，又有迁移与拓展。在解答此类猜测词义试题时就要求我们将词汇的本义和语境有机地结合起来，综合考虑，然后准确推断其在特定语境中的含义。

　　3.考查“深奥难懂”的生词词义猜测

　　这种试题是最常见的猜测词义试题的命题方式，考查考生对阅读文章中某个生词或短语的含义，或考查该词能被哪个选项含义替代。此时我们可以借助下面这些方式来答题：

　　1)“拆猜”并举解决问题

　　阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。此时可以用“拆猜”的方式，先把该词的各种词缀或前后两个合成部分拆开，再结合我们掌握的构词法知识，根据中心词的含义和词缀的含义猜测其意思。

　　【典例1】（2016·福建）

　　Walt Disney is credited for creating such wonderful things as Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. However, he cannot take the credit for creating other well-loved characters, such as Cinderella and Snow White. They are almost automatically associated with Disney because Disney turned old fables(寓言) into cartoon movies.

　　The original Cinderella varies very much from the Disney version we know today. It started off with the girl mourning her mother’s death and going to her tomb three times a day. In addition, there were only birds that helped Cinderella; there was no such thing as a fairy godmother or helpful mice, nor was there mention of a horse and carriage.

　　The stepsisters were cruel: they always threw Cinderella’s food into the ashes of the fire and made her sleep on the ashes on the floor, hence（因此）her name.

　　In the original story, the king’s ball actually lasted for three days. With the help of the birds, the girl, beautifully dressed, danced with the prince on all three nights and the prince fell in love with her. However, she broke away from him to rush back home each night. On the last night, the prince placed soothing sticky on the stairs; as Cinderella made her escape, a shoe got stuck on it.

　　Here now is where the story becomes unpleasant: when the prince went to the house looking for the girl whose foot fit the shoe, the wicked(邪恶的) stepmother told one of her two daughters to cut off her big toe to fit into the shoe. The daughter did as told. So the prince took her away to be his bride. But when they passed the tomb of Cinderella’s mother, the birds called out to the prince,

　　“Turn and peep, there’s blood in the shoe;

　　the shoe is too small, the true bride waits for you.”

　　Realizing he had been tricked, the prince returned the daughter to her mother. The other then had to cut off part of her heel in order to fit into the shoe, with the same result. Only Cinderella’s foot fit perfectly and so the prince chose to marry her. The story ends with the wedding day: as Cinderella’s two stepsisters followed her, pretending to be devoted to her so that they could enjoy the king’s riches, two birds flew by and plucked(啄) out their eyes. Because of their wickedness and falsehood, they had to spend the rest of their days blind.

　　The original Cinderella is so different from the Disney version. Thank goodness Disney made such changes; it indeed was a wise move.

　　1. What dose the underlined word “They” in the first paragraph refer to?

　　A. Such wonderful things.

　　B. Other well-loved characters.

　　C. Old fables.

　　D. Cartoon movies.

　　2. How did Cinderella get her name?

　　A. The Birds came up with it.

　　B. It was given by Disney.

　　C. It came from the word “ash”.

　　D. She got it from her mother.

　　3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the original story?

　　A. Helpful mice got Cinderella a beautiful dress.

　　B. The ball was held to celebrate the prince’s wedding.

　　C. Cinderella left her shoe on the stairs on purpose.

　　D. The birds told the prince that he had been cheated.

　　4. The moral of the original story is that ____________.

　　A. a wicked person cannot escape punishment.

　　B. a devoted person certainly deserves respect.

　　C. a well-behaved child earns a great reward.

　　D. a dishonest child cannot get mother love.

　　5. What does the author think of the Disney version?

　　A. Excellent. B. Ordinary C. Dull.

　　D. Ridiculous.

　　【文章大意’s ball actually lasted for three days，知国王举行舞会并没说是为王子的生日举办的，有此可排除B项“举办舞会是为了庆祝王子的婚礼”；根据第四段中的第最后一句，the prince placed something sticky on the stairs; as Cinderella made her escape, a shoe got stuck on it，由此排除C项“灰姑娘故意把鞋留在了楼梯上”；根据第五段中的最后一句the birds called out to the prince以及它们喊的内容知选项D“鸟们告诉王子他被骗了”符合文意。

　　4.A推理判断题。根据文章的倒数第二段中的冒名顶替的两个妹妹都被王子发现了，而且小鸟把她们的眼睛啄瞎了，可知她们为自己的行为付出了代价，因此本文的哲理是“邪恶的人逃脱不了惩罚”，所以选择A；B项“一个奉献的人当然值得尊敬”，C项“一个有规矩的孩子当然值得尊敬”，D项“一个不诚实的孩子不能得到妈妈的爱”都不文意不符。

　　5.A推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段中的Thanks goodness Disney made such changes; it indeed was a wise move，尤其是Thank goodness以及a wise move，知作者对迪士尼版本的灰姑娘的评价还是比较好的，因此香泽选项A “好的；优秀的”；B项“普通的”，C项“枯燥的”，D项“可笑的；荒唐的”。

　　【典例2】（2016·重庆）

　　One moment it was quiet and calm in the forest, the next, the air was charged with tension. Theelephant had heard the distant alarm calls of animals and her mood suddenly changed. I urged the elephant deeper into the forest. We sounded like a forest fire?crackling, snapping, trail-blazing. But through all the noise came a sharp warning cry. The elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell-tale call of a spotted deer.

　　I looked quickly mound the shadows of the forest. Rays of sunlight shone through tree branches, beneath which the patchwork (交错) of green plants and shadow-within-shadows would make tiger stripes (条纹) look more attractive. Apart from an occasional noise from the elephant's stomach, the forest was silent.

　　Gradually, the tension slipped from our bodies. The elephant seized a nearby branch and put it into her mouth. I reached forward and gently moved my hand over the elephant's neck; there was a soft part, free of wrinkles and hairs, behind her ear.

　　This was my fourth time to sense the aura of the forest in Corbett, although I saw no tigers in the end. Located at the foot of the Himalayan mountains, Corbett is home to about 135 Bengal tigers, but the forest seemed to be guarding their whereabouts(出没处), a silent reminder of their secrecy and rarity. Still, I was happy enough touching the elephant behind the ear. If I had so desperately wanted to see a tiger, I could have gone to a zoo. After all, spotting tigers merely confirms their beauty; tracking them can make you aware of something more.

　　1. Which of the following was a clear signal of alarm?

　　A. The elephant stopped.

　　B. A spotted deer called.

　　C. The elephant seized a branch.

　　D. The forest was silent for a while.

　　2. The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by_____________.

　　A. describing various sounds

　　B. comparing different animals

　　C. listing different activities

　　D. introducing various plants

　　3. What does the underlined part "to sense the aura" most probably mean?

　　A. To see the diversity.

　　B. To enjoy the scenery.

　　C. To feel the atmosphere.

　　D. To experience the freedom.

　　4. How does the author feel after several visits to Corbett?

　　A. Seeing a Bengal tiger is quite thrilling.

　　B. It is very time-consuming to travel in Corbett.

　　C. It is really worthwhile to study the animals in Corbett.

　　D. The process of finding Bengal tigers is most appealing.

　　【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者自己骑着大象在印度科比特国家森林公园里感受大森林的，探寻神秘的孟加拉虎的过程。，作者认为到动物园里看那些圈在笼子里的老虎显得索然味。

　　.B推理判断题根据第一段中But from all the noise came a sharp warning cryThe elephant stopped and we heard it again—the tell-tale call of a spotted deer可知，一头花斑鹿的叫声是明显的警报(即附近有老虎出没)。

　　.A推理判断题根据第一段中的 “the distant alarm calls……We sounded like a forest fire——crackling……a sharp warning cry……the tell-tale call of a spotted deer” 可知，作者是通过描述各种各样的声音来描绘自己的森林之旅的。

　　词义猜测题通过上下文的描述可以概括得知，作者喜欢在森林中漫步并探寻原生态的动植物的感觉，所以此处sense the aura(感知……的气息) 指的应该是近距离地感受大森林的气氛。

　　细节理解题根据全文的最后一段可知，与在动物园里看到老虎相比，作者认为(在森林里)探寻它们则使你感受到更多的东西。由此可知，作者认为，实际探寻孟加拉虎的过程是非常有吸引力的活动。

　　在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。

　　2)利用反义词猜词

　　对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义。

　　3)利用上下文语境猜词

　　利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是近年来高考考查的热点。

　　4)利用定义和解释猜词

　　有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。

　　5)利用例证猜词

　　为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。

　　6)根据复述或同等关系猜测词义

　　为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。

　　7)利用词义搭配关联猜词

　　任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。

　　8)利用经验和常识猜词

　　9)根据语义转折猜词

　　有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。

　　4.考查句意理解

　　2016年课标区的英语考试说明中增加了阅读理解中猜测句意的内容。猜测句意题要求考生猜测文中某一个句子的含义，要求考生根据阅读文章，用合适的语句对划线句子进行直接或解释性的描述。这种句子包括文章某一语句、格言或谚语等。

　　考查猜测句意的试题一般出现在长难句中，或因为句式复杂，意义含蓄，或内容典故等原因，这些句子对考生的理解会造成一定的障碍。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是划线句子的上下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。

　　专题热点集训14 阅读理解(命题类型探讨)

　　（45分钟）

　　Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum

　　Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book. They end around 21：00.

　　November_7th

　　The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．

　　December_5th

　　Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering. Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London's ice trade grew.

　　February_6th

　　An Update on the Cotsword Canals，by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.

　　March_6th

　　Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.

　　Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book

　　More info：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson

　　London Canal Museum

　　12－13 New Wharf Road，London NI 9RT

　　www.canalmuseum.org.uk www.canalmuseum.mobi

　　Tel：020 7713 0836

　　1. When is the talk on James Brindley?

　　A. February 6th.

　　B. March 6th.

　　C. November 7th.

　　D. December 5th.

　　2. What is the topic of the talk in February?

　　A. The Canal Pioneers.

　　B. Ice for the Metropolis.

　　C. Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.

　　D. An Update on the Cotswold Canals.

　　3. Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames?

　　A. Miranda Vickers.

　　B. Malcolm Tucker.

　　C. Chris Lewis.

　　D. Liz Payne.

　　Passage 2（201Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.

　　Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self－conscious(难为情) when they're in poorly lit places－and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn't have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.

　　Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it's time to repaint，go blue.

　　Don't forget the clock－or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.

　　Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12－inch plate instead of a 10－inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we'll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.

　　1. The text is especially helpful for those who care about ________.

　　A. their home comforts

　　B. their body shape

　　C. house buying

　　D. healthy diets

　　2. A home environment in blue can help people ________.

　　A. digest food better

　　B. reduce food intake

　　C. burn more calories

　　D. regain their appetites

　　3. What are people advised to do at mealtimes?

　　A. Eat quickly.

　　B. Play fast music.

　　C. Use smaller spoons.

　　D. Turn down the lights.

　　4. What can be a suitable title for the text?

　　A. Is Your House Making You Fat?

　　B. Ways of Serving Dinner

　　C. Effects of Self－Consciousness

　　D. Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?

　　Passage 3（201Life in the Clear

　　Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen，a scientist in biology，says，“These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they're eating it，or unless something is eating them.”

　　And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see－through? It's trickier than you might think.

　　The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light，bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light，stopping it dead in its tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other objects around it，so you can see it easily.

　　But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light，at least not very much.Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see it—you see the things behind it.

　　To become transparent，an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments，so its tissues won't absorb light. According to Johnsen，avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.

　　Animals are built of many different materials—skin，fat，and more—and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed，it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light，it is easier to be see－through. Others build a large，clear mass of non－living jelly－like(果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.

　　Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge，because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they're doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals，staying transparent is an active process. When they die，they turn a non－transparent milky white.

　　1. According to Paragraph 1，transparent animals ________.

　　A. stay in groups

　　B. can be easily damaged

　　C. appear only in deep ocean

　　D. are beautiful creatures

　　2. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means ________.

　　A. silently

　　B. gradually

　　C. regularly

　　D. completely

　　3. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________.

　　A. change the direction of light travel

　　B. gather materials to scatter light.

　　C. avoid the absorption of light

　　D. grow bigger to stop light.

　　4. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals ________.

　　A. move more slowly in deep water

　　B. stay see－through even after death

　　C. produce more tissues for their survival

　　D. take effective action to reduce light spreading

　　Passage 4（201 a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising.

　　Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature，the programmes contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V，for example，includes a helpful explanation of Henry's winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases(偏向): their reading of Henry V minimises his misuse of power. Instead，they emphasise the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar，Mr. Adelman had little good to say about Brutus，saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn't make his mind up about things.

　　Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt to be related. Caesar's pride，which led to his murder，and Brutus's mistakes in leading the traitors after the murder，they said，raise vital questions for anyone serving in a business when and how do you resist the boss?

　　1. According to paragraph 1，what did all the executives think of Brutus?

　　A. Cruel.

　　B. Superior.

　　C. Honourable.

　　D. Rude.

　　2. According to the passage，the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________.

　　A. help executives to understand Shakespeare's plays better

　　B. give advice on leadership by analysing Shakespeare's plays

　　C. provide case studies of Shakespeare's plays in literature workshops

　　D. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare's plays.

　　3. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?

　　A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.

　　B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.

　　C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.

　　D. To warn executives against power misuse.

　　4. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

　　A. the Adelmans' programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximised

　　B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare's plays

　　C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars

　　D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field

　　5. The best title for the passage is ________.

　　A. Shakespeare's plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture

　　B. Shakespeare's plays: An essential key to business success

　　C. Shakespeare's plays: A lesson for business motivation

　　D. Shakespeare's plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results

　　Passage 5（2016

　　I was never very neat, while my roommate Kate was extremely organized. Each of her objects had its place, but mine always hid somewhere. She even labeled (贴标签) everything. I always looked for everything. Over time, Kate got neater and I got messier. She would push my dirty clothing over, and I would lay my books on her tidy desk. We both got tired of each other.

　　War broke out one evening. Kate came into the room. Soon, I heard her screaming, "Take your shoes away! Why under my bed!" Deafened, I saw my shoes flying at me. I jumped to my feet and started yelling. She yelled back louder.

　　The room was filled with anger. We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call. Kate answered it. From her end of the conversation, I could tell right away her grandma was seriously ill. When she hung up, she quickly crawled (爬) under her covers, sobbing. Obviously, that was something she should not go through alone. All of a sudden, a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my heart,

　　Slowly, I collected the pencils, took back the books, made my bed, cleaned the socks and swept the floor, even on her side. I got so into my work that I even didn't noticed Kate had sat up.

　　She was watching, her tears dried and her expression one of disbelief. Then, she reached out her hands to grasp mine. I looked up into her eyes. She smiled at me. "Thanks."

　　Kate and I stayed roommates for the rest of the year. We didn't always agree, but we learned

　　the key to living together: giving in, cleaning up and holding on.

　　1. What made Kate angry one evening?

　　A. She couldn't find her books.

　　B. She heard the author shouting loud.

　　C. She got the news that her grandma was ill.

　　D. She saw the author's shoes beneath her bed.

　　2. The author tidied up the room most probably because___.

　　A. she was scared by Kate's anger

　　B. she hated herself for being so messy

　　C. she wanted to show her care

　　D. she was asked by Kate to do so

　　3. How is Paragraph 1 mainly developed?

　　A. By analyzing causes.

　　B. By showing differences.

　　C. By describing a process.

　　D. By following time order.

　　4. What might be the best title for the story?

　　A. My Friend Kate

　　B. Hard Work Pays Off

　　C. How to Be Organized

　　D. Learning to Be Roommates

　　Passage 6（2016Working with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.

　　She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.

　　The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.

　　This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they aren’t clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.

　　The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get information from others because they don’t associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.

　　1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?

　　A. The design of Dr. Carter’s research.

　　B. The results of Dr. Carter’s research.

　　C. The purpose of Dr. Carter’s research.

　　D. The significance of Dr. Carter’s research.

　　2. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?

　　A. Those that have more experience.

　　B. Those that can avoid potential risks.

　　C. Those that like to work independently.

　　D. Those that feel anxious about learning.

　　3. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?

　　A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.

　　B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.

　　C. Some baboons observe others but don’t follow them.

　　D. Some baboons perform new tasks but don’t concentrate.

　　4. Dr. Carter’s findings indicate that our culture might be formed through ______.

　　A. storing information

　　B. learning from each other

　　C. understanding different people

　　D. travelling between social groups

　　Passage 7（2016For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue, the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical (垂直的) columns.

　　If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief, boring, and even awkward experience—one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we’re hanging from a cable in a long passage.

　　In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used to it,” Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives.

　　Today, as the world’s urban population explodes, and cities become more crowded, taller, and more crowded, America’s total number of elevators—900,000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazine’s “2016 Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force that’s becoming more important than ever. And for the people who really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.

　　1. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to?

　　A. The general view of elevators.

　　B. The particular interests of experts.

　　C. The desire for a remarkable machine.

　　D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles.

　　2. The author’s purpose in mentioning cars is ______.

　　A. to contrast their functions with elevators’

　　B. to emphasize the importance of elevators

　　C. to reveal their secret war against elevators

　　D. to explain people’s preference for elevators

　　3. According to Prof. Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences?

　　A. Vertical direction.

　　B. Lack of excitement.

　　C. Little physical space. D. Uncomfortable conditions.

　　4. The author urges readers to consider ______.

　　A. the exact number of elevator lovers

　　B. the serious future situation of elevators

　　C. the role of elevators in city development

　　D. the relationship between cars and elevators

　　Passage 8（2016However wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someone’s time or money could be better spent on something else.

　　Every hour of our time has a value. For every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another, or be sleeping or watching a film. Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost us in missed opportunities.

　　Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium. Why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends? This --- the alternative use of your cash and time – is the opportunity cost.

　　For economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo---in terms of money and enjoyment ---in order to take it up. By knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. Consider that most famous economic rule of all, there’s no such things as a free lunch. Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.

　　Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending you entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable. Yet, in a sense it’s human nature to do precisely that--- we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.

　　In the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” People want their cash to go as far as possible. However, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. By reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities, such as sleeping and eating. In return, however, this passage will help you to think like an economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decision.

　　1. According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to _______.

　　A. making more money

　　B. taking more opportunities

　　C. reducing missed opportunities

　　D. weighing the choice of opportunities

　　2. The “leftover… time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time _________.

　　A. spared for watching the match at home

　　B. taken to have dinner with friends

　　C. spend on the way to and from the match

　　D. saved from not going to watch the match

　　3. What are forgone opportunities?

　　A. Opportunities you forget in decision-making.

　　B. Opportunities you give up for better ones.

　　C. Opportunities you miss accidentally.

　　D. Opportunities you make up for.

　　专题热点集训14

　　阅读理解

　　参考答案与解析

　　Passage 1

　　【文章大意Passage 2

　　【文章大意Passage 3

　　【文章大意Passage 4

　　【文章大意Passage 5（2016【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者比较邋遢，而室友Kate却非常整洁，二人经常为此事大动干戈。一天，Kate接到电话得知奶奶生了重病，非常伤心，出于同情作者主动整理了自己的东西并打扫了房间，此举让Kate异常感动。

　　细节理解题根据第二段中“Soon, I heard her screaming ‘Take your shoes away! Why under my bed!’”可知，那天晚上Kate生气的原因是她看到作者的鞋子放在了她的床下。

　　.C推理判断题根据第三段的最后一句“All of a sudden, a warm feeling of sympathy rose up in my head”可知，作者之所以主动打扫清理房间是因为听说Kate的奶奶得了重病，出于对Kate的同情和关心才这样做的。

　　3. 归纳概括题通读第一段之后可以发现，除了最后一句之外，其余的全部都是在用对比的方式讲述自己和室友Kate的不同。所以第一段主要是通过展示差异的方式展开的。

　　.D主旨大意题文章作者通过讲述自己室友Kate由水火不容到和谐相处的经历，意在告诉我们如何与别人作室友。

　　Passage文章大意impact how we understand...through social learning)，因此选B。

　　4.D细节理解题。从文章对该实验的描述看，The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn；The anxious individuals learnt...while those who were relaxed did not，这与D项描述是一致的，因此选D。

　　Passage 7（2016文章大意unremarkable machine，inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest。因此选A。

　　2.B推理判断题。第一段讲述常人对电梯的冷冷的感觉，最后说，电梯和汽车，一个是让我们能够水平面地拓展，一个让我们在垂直面拓展，显然作者提到汽车的目的是B，说明电梯对我们生活的重要性。因此选B。

　　3.C细节理解题。第三段Bernard谈到人们对电梯的感觉，说哪怕用了150年，我们还是不习惯电梯，因为这里混合着closeness and displeasure，C项的little physical space与该句的closeness是一致的，因此其原因是C。

　　4.C推理判断题。最后一段作者谈到城市人口爆炸，高楼越来越多(cities become taller)，电梯也越来越多，让我们不可小视电梯的作用，“是时候我们该认真考虑一下电梯的势力了”，因此选C，我们要考虑一下电梯在城市发展和我们生活中的作用。

　　Passage 8（2016文章大意

　　1.D细节理解题。根据题干确定答案在第二段最后一句Each of these options has a different opportunity cost—namely, what they cost us in missed opportunities。由此可知机会成本的定义是我们错过了机会

　　2.C细节理解题。根据题干确定第三段，文章中提到的“leftover...time”是指上文中提到的去体育场来回路上的时间“get to and from the stadium”， C项是同义句，故选C。

　　3.B推理判断题。根据题干确定关键词“forgone”在原文定位第四段，根据第一句 “every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo” "每一个决定作出由知识必须放弃一个".”可知答案是B。