2016年高考第二轮复习英语（全国版）题型技法指导专题05 短文改错

　　2016年高考第二轮复习英语全国版题型技法指导专题

　　真题试做

　　（2012·课标全国高考）

　　I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and little aggressive.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.I was happy when the toys worked，but when things did wrong，I got angry and broke it.For a while parents bought me new toys.But before long they began to see which was happening.When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That's it.No more toys to you.”My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I must make my toys to last.My attitude changed from then on.

　　考向分析

　　近几年，越来越多的高考试题采用了新的短文改错命题形式。从全国课标卷、辽宁卷、浙江卷、陕西卷的短文改错分析，命题具有以下特点：

　　1．题材贴近学生生活，知识与能力并重。

　　短文改错的语言材料通常是取自学生自己的作品或类似于学生的随笔，话题常见、内容鲜活、语言地道、通俗易懂，词数在120左右，供考生在阅读中判断、纠错，从而检测学生综合运用英语的准确性。2012年高考课标全国卷短文改错和2011年一样属于记叙文，全文时态为一般过去时，阅读词汇总量120左右，和2011年的词汇量基本保持平衡。

　　2．侧重词法句法，同时兼顾其他。

　　短文改错主要从词法和句法两个方面考查学生在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性，同时兼顾考查行文逻辑、句型结构、习惯搭配等。词法主要涉及动词、名词、介词、代词、连词、冠词、形容词、副词、情态动词等的基本用法和常见搭配；句法主要涉及定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句；行文逻辑主要涉及语句的连贯和通顺；习惯用法主要涉及英汉两种语言的不同等。

　　2011～2012年高考英语课标全国卷错误项考查点分布统计：

　　3．错误类型清楚，设错规律明显。

　　（1）文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

　　（2）错误类型涉及多一个词、缺一个词、错一个词。每个类型的大致比例是：错词的一般为7处，多词和少词基本是3处。

　　（3）考查内容涉及广泛、分布合理、信息量大。命题者的思路和方式一般在行文逻辑、一致关系、连接手段、平行结构、多词少词、母语干扰、冠词使用、名词数格、词语搭配、词性辨析等方面，综合进行设计和考查。

　　预计今后短文改错题的内容也会比较易懂，考查的知识点与往年会大致相同，主要会涉及：

　　一致关系。包括主谓一致、时态一致、代词指代一致等。

　　平行结构。包括动词与动词相配、形容词与形容词相配、分词与分词相配、不定式与不定式相配等。常由并列连词或词组连接，如：and，or，but，neither...nor...，as well as等。

　　非谓语动词的用法。如to的省略、过去分词与现在分词的误用等。

　　多余词。常常是介词、副词等多余。

　　词性的混用。

　　行文逻辑判断失误等。

　　答题步骤

　　1．通读全文，了解大意。确定文章的题材、体裁，把握文章的背景知识，把握全篇的时态、人称及行文逻辑。行文逻辑方面的错误，考生在读一个单句时是不易发现的，但如果联系上下文，就会发现问题所在。

　　2．先易后难，缩小范围。在通读全文的同时第一时间将一些明显的错误改好，这样就缩小了范围，为下一步的分析判断提供了更充分的依据，也能把注意力集中在较难判断的句子上。

　　3．逐句分析，把握结构。可以利用短文改错口诀：动词形，名词数，注意形和副；非谓语动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住；句子成分多分析，逻辑错误须关注。以句为单位进行分析，寻找其中可能出现的错误。英语中句式总的说来分为三大类：简单句，并列句和复合句。对于并列句和主从复合句，不可分割地去分析，应将并列句中的前后两个分句、主从复合句中的主句和从句作为一个整体进行分析。这将有助于发现一些衔接上下句的连接词错误、行文逻辑错误以及搭配错误等。此外，也应注意句子内部的结构关系，对句子内部各部分的作用及联系应有较清楚的了解。可将句子中的“主谓（宾）”看作句子的核心部分，其余修饰部分（如定语、状语）和附加部分则是句子的延伸和补充，然后弄清楚这些修饰部分和附加部分在句中的作用。对句子结构进行分析有助于发现那些在句子结构、词性、谓语形式、非谓语动词等方面所出现的错误。

　　4．复读全文，验证答案。改完后，要回过头来重读一遍全文，一要注意错误点的分散与比例，二要注意答题是否合乎规范。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力，仔细推敲，使答案更加准确。

　　技法指导

　　1．错词修正

　　用词错误是一个颇为复杂的问题。通过最近几年高考试题的分析可以看出，错词在短文改错题中占的比例最大，大约有7处。可从以下几方面考虑：

　　（1）谓语动词的时态和语态是否正确。

　　（2）非谓语动词的形式是否正确。

　　（3）介词、副词、关联词是否正确。

　　（4）名词的数、格以及名词前冠词的取舍和选择是否正确。

　　（5）关系代词和副词是否误用。

　　（6）形容词和副词的修饰及比较级用法是否正确。

　　（7）习语或固定搭配的结构是否正确。

　　（8）主谓一致，包括人称、数、时态是否一致等。

　　2．漏词增加

　　此类错误约1～2处，多见于冠词、介词、不定式符号to、关系代词或副词等，大都跟前后搭配有关。一般说来，要考虑以下几种情况：

　　（1）名词前是否该用冠词而没用。

　　（2）动词之后是否缺了与之搭配的介词。

　　（3）动词不定式前是否缺了to。

　　（4）惯用的固定词组是否完整。

　　（5）句型结构中的形式主语或形式宾语是否缺了代词it。

　　（6）两句之间是否缺少必要的表示并列、因果、转折等关系的连词，或定语从句间是否少了引导词等。

　　3．多词删除

　　此类错误也只有1～2处，多出自结构词方面。如：

　　（1）多加了冠词。多出现在某些不可数名词、复数名词或固定搭配前。

　　（2）介词的多用。多受汉语影响，在动词后或某些时间名词词组前多加介词。

　　（3）关系代词或关系副词的多用。

　　（4）不定式符号to该省的没省。

　　（5）形容词、副词比较级的重复使用，以及一些“画蛇添足”的错误。

　　误区警示

　　1．语义易错点

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　...but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again.

　　【错混透析】ever→never。语法没错，但句意有误。ever表示肯定含义，而这句作者想表达的是自己的阿姨知道这件事（偷玩具）但再也没有提过，应该是否定含义，故将ever改为否定副词never才对。句意：她知道发生了什么事，但是她还是对我表示感谢，而且从未再提那件事。

　　（2011陕西高考）

　　He was right there in the front of me!

　　【错混透析】去掉the。in the front of表示在某一范围之内的前部；in front of表示在某一范围之外的前面。

　　【解题指导】做题时，首先要通读短文，把握大意，弄清文章结构、前因后果、行文逻辑。在理解篇章的基础上，以句子作为意义单位，逐句审读，整句理解，仔细分析每一句话。做到词不离句、句不离文，认真分析，上下兼顾。那种看词不顾句、顾句不想文的做法是解题的大忌。如果在一句中找出两处以上的错误，说明答案肯定有问题。

　　2．语法易错点

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　Since his family was rich than mine，he had more toys than I did.

　　【错混透析】rich→richer。该句有比较句型的标志词than，却没有形容词比较级；rich的比较级为规则变化richer。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　I guessed，even at that age，I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy...

　　【错混透析】去掉enjoy后的to。enjoy后面应接动词­ing形式作宾语，所以去掉多余的to。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　She knows what had happened，but she thanked me...

　　【错混透析】通篇文章是叙述过去发生的一件事，所以主体时态为过去时，这里不可能出现knows这样明显的一般现在时。

　　【解题指导】在读每一个句子时，都要时刻注意语法是否有问题。如名词的单复数是否误用；冠词是否误加或漏用；代词指代是否明确；形容词和副词是否混淆，是比较级还是最高级；介词是否误加或漏用；时态、语态是否正确；动词形式是否正确；是否遗漏或多用了并列连词，并列连词的使用是否合乎逻辑意义；各种从句的连词是否合乎逻辑等。

　　3．习惯用法易错点

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　There was one on particular I'd always wanted.

　　【错混透析】on→in。in particular为固定习语，意为“尤其，特别”。

　　（2011浙江高考）

　　Late on，my aunt drove me home.

　　【错混透析】Late→Later。later on是固定习语，意为“后来”，而late意为“迟的，晚的”。

　　【解题指导】每一种语言都有它独特的成语和俗语。英语中的成语、短语、习惯用语很多。有时，它们的构造看起来不合逻辑，甚至不合常理，但又不能随意更改。所以做题时一定要注意习惯用语和固定搭配，使英语的表达不但合乎语法和意义，而且要符合英语的表达习惯。

　　It was getting a bit of dark.Some children and two women were still skating on the ice.They were having a good time.Suddenly the ice broke.One of the boy fell into the water.Not knew what to do，the other children shouted，“Help！Help！”The two women heard that and skate over to get the boy out of the water.The ice was such thin that the two women fell into the water，either.But they tried their best to reach the boy.Many people ran over to help.Some of them even provided them with ropes and poles.The young man jumped into the water.The boy and the two women saved at last.One of the women didn't feel better.She was sent to hospital at once.But she felt very pleasing because the boy was safe.

　　2

　　Dear Wang Lin，

　　I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say this was a great school.The school has many clubs.The students can choose the ones they are interested.I have joined the Math Club of the school and took part in some math competitions.Besides，I had applied for the University of Waterloo，where is my dream school.By the way，I did bad in the final examination.Not satisfying with the result of the examination，so I will work harder in the future.

　　How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss him very much.Please send my best regard to them!

　　Looking forward to hearing from you.

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua

　　3

　　I decided to go to the bookstore to buy some books.On the way to there，I noticed a group of people surrounded two worried foreigners.I stopped and found they were tourist from England.They carelessly forgot a case in a taxi.I went to the nearest police station with them.With the police's help，we get in touch with the taxi company.A few minutes late we were told that a driver had just turned in a case.Then we went to see if the case was their.They were happy to find their case with their passports，some cash or credit cards in it.They expressed their thanks for me for my help.It's really great pleasure to help others.

　　4

　　Dear Susan，

　　I am a high school student from China.I have learned from Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learning Chinese culture.I'm glad that you had such a great interest in China and I would like to be friend with you.I will write to you as frequent as possible to introduce Chinese culture for you.If you have an opportunity to come to China，I will show you around some famous historical places of interests.What's more，I can teach you that how to speak Chinese.Anyway，I'm sure you will find Chinese culture attractive and wonderfully.

　　I'm looking forward to your reply and become your best friend.

　　Yours sincerely，

　　Li Hua

　　5

　　Last month，we held an art festival in our school，on that occasion a grand photo show was presented.

　　It lasted a whole week and was great success！All the photos were taken by the students themselves.They were most shot in school campus，present our school life，the beauty of nature，outside class activities and so on.All the works of art were at show in the reading­room of our library for students to enjoy it.The photos were such wonderful that some teachers also were attracted to appreciate them.Those whose photos were chosen the best are given different prizes and I was the lucky dog to win first prize.

　　In the short，this photo show really made our life more colorful.We hope we will have much more activities like this in our school.

　　参考答案

　　专题五　短文改错

　　命题调研·明晰考向

　　真题试做

　　I learned early in life that I had to be more patient and

　　aggressive.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my .I was happy when the toys worked，but when things

　　wrong，I got angry and broke .For a while

　　parents bought me new toys.But before long they began to see

　　was happening.When I

　　apart my fifth birthday toy train，my father said，“That's it.No more toys

　　you.”My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile，I found out that with more patience I

　　make my toys to' last.My attitude changed from then on.

　　创新模拟·预测演练

　　1

　　It was getting a bit

　　dark.Some children and two women were still skating on the ice.They were having a good time.Suddenly the ice broke.One of the

　　fell into the water.Not

　　what to do，the other children shouted，“Help！Help！”The two women heard that and

　　over to get the boy out of the water.The ice was

　　thin that the two women fell into the water，.But they tried their best to reach the boy.Many people ran over to help.Some of them even provided them with ropes and poles.

　　young man jumped into the water.The boy and the two women

　　saved at last.One of the women didn't feel .She was sent to hospital at once.But she felt very

　　because the boy was safe.

　　2

　　Dear Wang Lin，

　　I have just spent half a year at Unionville High School.I have to say this

　　a great school.The school has many clubs.The students can choose the ones they are interested .I have joined the Math Club of the school and

　　part in some math competitions.Besides，I

　　applied for the University of Waterloo， is my dream school.By the way，I did

　　in the final examination.Not

　　with the result of the examination， I will work harder in the future.

　　How are you getting along with your study？How are our teachers and classmates？I miss

　　very much.Please send my best

　　to them!

　　Looking forward to hearing from you.

　　Yours，

　　Li Hua

　　3

　　I decided to go to the bookstore to buy some books.On the way

　　there，I noticed a group of people

　　two worried foreigners.I stopped and found they were

　　from England.They carelessly

　　a case in a taxi.I went to the nearest police station with them.With the police's help，we

　　in touch with the taxi company.A few minutes

　　we were told that a driver had just turned in a case.Then we went to see if the case was .They were happy to find their case with their passports，some cash

　　credit cards in it.They expressed their thanks

　　me for my help.It's really

　　great pleasure to help others.

　　4

　　Dear Susan，

　　I am a high school student from China.I have learned from

　　Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to

　　Chinese culture.I'm glad that you

　　such a great interest in China and I would like to be

　　with you.I will write to you as

　　as possible to introduce Chinese culture

　　you.If you have an opportunity to come to China，I will show you around some famous historical places of .What's more，I can teach you

　　how to speak Chinese.Anyway，I'm sure you will find Chinese culture attractive and .

　　I'm looking forward to your reply and

　　your best friend.

　　Yours sincerely，

　　Li Hua

　　5

　　Last month，we held an art festival in our school，on

　　occasion a grand photo show was presented.

　　It lasted a whole week and was

　　great success！All the photos were taken by the students themselves.They were

　　shot in school campus， our school life，the beauty of nature，outside class activities and so on.All the works of art were

　　show in the reading­room of our library for students to enjoy .The photos were

　　wonderful that some teachers also were attracted to appreciate them.Those whose photos were chosen the best

　　given different prizes and I was the lucky dog to win first prize.

　　In

　　short，this photo show really made our life more colorful.We hope we will have

　　more activities like this in our school.