依照关系词在从句中的用法差异,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等,关系副词有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:
1. 关系代词的用法
先行词是人,在从句中作主语用 who,作宾语用 whom 或 who,作定语用 whose;
先行词是物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用 which,作定语用 of which 或 whose 均可。
在限制性定语从句中 which, who, whom 都可用 that 代替。关系代词作宾语时,关系代词常被省略。
如:
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。
He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。
he was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
2. 关系副词的用法
关系副词有when, where, why 等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、地点和原因。
when 通常放在 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间的名词后;
where 通常放在 place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation 等地点名词后;
why 通常只放在 reason 后。
如:
Have you set the day when you will move? 你搬迁的日子定了吗?
The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上,你放在那里的。
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
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