passive-aggressive是个非常流行的单词,不过最近几年在美国的误用越来越高,引起不少人的重视,在解释它的错误用法,让大家引以为戒,我们不妨来看看它的正确用法,从字面上解释,passive是被动的,aggressive是进取的,有攻击性的,合在一起就是“通过被动的方式来攻击”也就是相当于“以退为进”、“以守为攻”。而它就是这样,只不过“以退为进”、“以守为攻”
样的战略奏效的话),而passive-aggressive多某人喜欢通过被动的方式去控制别人的这种性格特点。
打个比方,如果你男/女朋友经常说一些反话(“我知道我不是你的最爱”、“我知道我永远比不上你的初恋情人”等)来试探你的口风,企图得到他/她想听到的话(“你当然是我的最爱”、“别傻了,没人比得上你”等),这就叫passive-aggressive。表面上他/她好像很被动,把自己放在一个相对弱势的位置上,其实他/她掌握着主动权,想控制你的反应。当然,passive-aggressive的“被动”方式绝不仅仅限于说反话,它的定义清楚地指出:Pertaining to behavior in which feelings of aggression are expressed in passive ways as, for example, by stubbornness, sullenness, procrastination, or intentional inefficiency.(通过被动方式来体现“攻击”情绪的行为,比如固执、闷闷不乐、拖廷或故意aOver my dead body效。)其中,拖延、故意低效这两样正是passive-aggressive这个词的来源。
根据历史资料显示,passive-aggresslve -词最早出现在1945年U.S. War Department(美国战争部门)的一块公告牌上,描述的是某些士兵用消极态度来执行任务的做法。他们虽然不直接违反上级命令,但故意拖拖拉拉不完成任务(或故意让自己显得很低效、无能(intentiaggresslve多为贬义,也就是说它有时可以是中性甚至略带褒义的,这就是它和最初相比产生的小小变化。因为根据现代人的逻辑,passive-aggressive行为有时是完全合理的,既可以躲过正面冲突,又可以得到自己想要的结果,何乐而不为?
所以,区分褒贬的关键在于尺度和目的。如果passive-aggressive成了习惯性的处事特征,过了度;又或者伤害、控制别人纯粹只是为了满足自己的利益,那passive-aggressive就是贬义的了。不符合这两种情况的话,它可以是中性或褒义。各举一例如下:贬义 Linda:I know I am not as pretty as Amandla.or as smart as grace or as thoughful as Shirley If i am not the most important person in your heart.so be it.(我知道我没有Amanda漂亮,没有Grace聪明,没有Shirley体贴。如果我不是你心里最重要的人,我也认了。)
Joshua:God Can you be more passive-aggressive?You know they are a1l my exes .Exes.for crying out Ioud ! How many times do i need to tell you i 've no feeling for them now? (天,还有比你更言不由衷的人吗?你知道她们都是我以前的女朋友。都已经是过去式了,拜托!我还需要告诉你多少次我对她们已经没有感情了?)中性/褒义:亮了,我非常喜欢!多谢多谢。) 由于passive-aggressive在绝大多数情况下是贬义词,而且这种行为实在很令人讨厌,于是越来越多的美国人把它和一些传统的骂人单词(比如asshole、jerk等)划上了等号。这就是开头提到的错误用法。
对此,美国著名的专栏作家Cecil Adams(化名)在网站TheStraight Dope上作过精辟的评论:Say for instance that a coworker cheerfLllly agrees to refrain from a specified uncool act. then does
it anyway. Is this passive-aggressive behavior'? No, this is being'an asshole.Sometimes it's best just to call a jerk a jerk.(假如有个同事好端端地答应不做某件令人讨厌的事,结果还是做了。这是否属于passive-aggressive行为?非也。这是典型的混蛋。该叫混蛋的时候还是叫混蛋最好。)
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