医学写作形状与特征表示法

要求：学会人体器官、血液和细菌的形状和特征的描述。

本章要点：

1.表示形状的句型：

1)名词+be+shaped like +名词

表示某器官或物体的形状象，或呈形。

例：The heart is shaped like a cone. 心脏呈圆锥形。

2)名词+be +名词-shaped + 名词

表示某个器官或物体是个形状的器官(或物体)。

例：The diaphragm is a dome-shaped organ. 膈是一个圆顶状的器官。

3)名词+be+a(n)+形容词+organ

也表示某器官或某物体是形状的器官或物体。

例：The small intestine is a long, tubular organ. 小肠是长管形器官。

2.表示特征的句型：

名词+be+形容词

表示某器官或某物体具有特征(或作用)。

例：Monocytes are phagocytic. 单核细胞具有吞噬作用。

Some tissues are elastic. 一些组织具有弹性。

3.用于比较和对照的连接词：

1)bothand

例：Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are flexible. 红细胞和白细胞都具有伸缩性。

2)neithernor

例：Neither erythrocytes nor leucocytes are adhesive. 红细胞和白细胞没有粘着性。

3)but; whereas

例：Platelets are adhesive but/whereas erythrocytes are not. 血小板具有粘着性而红细胞则没有。

4)however; on the other hand

例：Leucocytes are phagocytic, erythrocytes, however/on the other hand, are not. 白细胞具有吞噬作用，而红细胞则没有。

4.用于进一步说明同一事物的短语及略语：

In other words; i.e.

例： Some cells and molecules can pass through capillary walls, in other words, capillaries are permeable. 有些细胞和分子能通过毛细血管壁，换句话说，毛细血管具有通透性。

Arteries are long, tubular blood vessels which can bend and stretch, i.e. they are flexible and elastic. 动脉是长管形血管，能弯曲，能伸展，也就是说，既柔韧又有弹性。

5.用于例证的短语和略语：

for example; e.g.

例： The white cells include a number of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape. 白细胞包括许多类型，如，某些白细胞具有不规则的核。

The gonococcus and meningococcus, for example, are coffee-bean shaped. 例如，淋球菌和脑膜炎球菌都呈咖啡豆形。

6.用于表述事物名称的短语：

be called; be known as

例：The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. 红细胞，也叫做红血球，很小而无核。

The cylindrical bacteria are known as bacilli. 圆柱形细菌被称为杆菌。