如何在英文写作中避免性别的歧视？(2)

2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词，即无性别之分的词(gender-free words),

例如: child， teacher， officer(警官)，people， worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者，选民), coach(教练)，church member(教友), sale rep(推销员)，grand parent(外/祖父或祖母)，leader， evening student, employee (雇员)，testee(考生，应试者)，engineer，customers(顾客), dealer(交易者，商人)，clerk(职员，办事员)，civilian(平民)，scientist, operator(接线员，办事员)，patriot(爱国者)，person, planner(策划者，计划者)， politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者)， tutor(家庭教师,导师，[美国]助教)，reporter，writer，chief executive(首席行政长官)，everybody, expert等.

3、如非特指男性或女性，尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词，例如：

calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 挂历模特call girl(应召女郎)prostitute妓女cover girl(杂志封面女郎)cover model封面模特flag girl(女司旗手)flag bearer司旗手,执旗员flower girl(卖花女)flower seller卖花人housewife(家庭主妇)house worker(家务工人)

midwife(接生婆)birth attendant(助产士)

showgirl(舞女,歌女)dancer(伴舞者)

chairman(主席)chair, head(主席，头头)

ring man(赌/赛马者)bettor; gambler(赌马者,赌博者)

seaman(海员，水兵)sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手，航海者，船员，领航员，船长spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人，代表，right-hand man(得力助手) right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手，副手，助理，助手

4.写信时，如果不知道收信人的性别，最好不要使用传统的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman， Dear Madam. 可以选用下列之一：

1) Dear friends of the library(亲爱的图书馆的朋友们)

2)Dear Madams and Sirs(亲爱的女士们及先生们)

3) Dear Personnel Officer(亲爱的人事处长) 4)Dear Committee Member(亲爱的委员)

5)Dear Citizen(亲爱的公民) 6)Dear Customer(亲爱的顾客)

7) Dear Councilor(亲爱的参议员，或顾问)

8)Dear Agent(亲爱的代办)

9)Dear Director(亲爱的厂长或局长;主任;)

5.尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语，如果非引用不可，下列处理办法可供选择:

1)不直接引用，把引语进行释义

Sexist： W. Phillips said: The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet. Revised： W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet. W菲利普斯说：行使法律的最好办法是教导人们把不好的法律踩在脚下。

2)使用[sic](原文如此)让读者意识到原文中的man使用得不大恰当。

例如: w. Phillips said： The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.

3)对上述引语，也可只引用其中的一部分

例如：W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people to trample bad laws under their feet。

我们赞同Rosalie Maggio所讲的话：

It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might.