一、词类、句子成分和构词法:
词类
英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1.名词: 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2.代词: 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .
3.形容词:表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4.数词: 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5.动词: 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6.副词: 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7.冠词:用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.
8.介词: 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9.连词: 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10.感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1.主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是谁或者什么。通常用名词或代词担任。如:Im Miss Green.
2.谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答做。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day.
3.表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是什么或者怎么样。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .
4.宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是什么。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter .
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .
5.定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .
6.状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .
7.宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons. / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?
构词法
英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
1.合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2.派生法:
派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily,nervous, delicious
派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, fullfully, goodwell, possiblepossibly等等。
3.转换法:
形容词动词,如:drydry, cleanclean,等等。
动词名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
名词动词,如:hand,face等等。
形容词副词,如:earlyearly, fastfast等等。
副词连词,如:when,等等。
介词副词,如:in,on,等等。
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