1.正式文体常使用正式用语,非正式文体则常使用非正式用语,这两类不同的用语是在长期的使用过程中被约定俗成地固定下来的。比如以下非正式用语一栏中的词汇在考生大作文中普遍存在,可修改为右栏正式用语中的表达:
非正式用语
正式用语
crime
offense
people
individuals
cut down
reduce
serious
severe/grave
harm
damage
job
position
具体而言,源于法语、拉丁语、希腊语的词语多用于正式文体;源于古英语的词语则多用于非正式文体。试比较:
Weshouldinvestigatetherootcauseoftheproblem.
Weshouldlookintotherootcauseoftheproblem.
Investigate源于拉丁语,属正式文体用语,而lookinto是古英语词汇成分,属非正式文体用语。
2.现代英语中的缩略词及缩约词多用于非正式文体,其相应的非缩略或非缩约形式则常出现在正式文体中。很多考生都忽略了这一区别,以下非正式用语栏中的表达都是从考生大作文中选出的,可修改为右栏正式用语中的表达。
缩略词
正式用语
缩约词
正式用语
ad
advertisement
shouldnt
should not
phone
telephone
wont
will not
TV
television
theres
there is
e.g.
for example
dont
do not
paper
newspaper
Ive
I have
PC
personal computer
theyre
they are
3.很多考生使用了很多短语动词,而这正是非正式文体的一大特征,正式文体则常用与之同义的单个动词。试比较:
Informl:PeoplecantputupwiththealienationbroughtbytheInternet.
Formal:IndividualscannottoleratethealienationbroughtbytheInternet.
Informal:Inthisdayandage,manypeoplecanmakeuseoftheInternetviacomputersormobilephones.
Formal:Inthisdayandage,manyindividualscanutilisetheInternetviacomputersormobilephones.
两种文体在语言特征上的第二类主要差异体现在语法上,具体包括以下几个方面:
1.在构成比较句型时,很多考生选择使用了人称代词的宾格形式,其实使用人称代词的主格形式要显得更正式些。
Informal:Hespentmoretimeplayingcomputergamesthanme.
Formal:HespentmoretimeplayingcomputergamesthanI.
2.在表达让步概念时,很多考生选择使用的but,anyway,allthesame,though,although等为非正式文体常用词语表达。正式文体则常使用yet,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,notwithstanding等词语,
Informal:HetriedtoovercomehisaddictiontotheInternet,buthefailed.
Formal:HeendeavouredtoovercomehisaddictiontotheInternet;however,itturnedouttobeafailure.
3.在构成方式状语时,很多考生偏爱使用副词,而这正是非正式文体常用的表达方式,正式文体则常用介词和与该副词同根的词构成的介词短语:
Informal:Itsveryimportantto.
Formal:Itisofgreatimportanceto.
4.在表达原因、后果等概念时,很多考生由于水平所限,总是使用非正式文体常用的so,because或其他形式的表示原因的从句,正式文体则常用onaccountof,accordingly,thus,hence,consequently,owingto等词或词组,且比较经常地运用分词短语、独立主格结构等。
Informal:Sincecomputershadproliferated,manypeoplebecomeaddictedtotheInternet.
Formal:Computershavingproliferated,manypeoplebecomeaddictedtotheInternet.
5.在构成表示目的的状语时,很多考生使用具有非正式文体色彩的soasto;其实,用inorderthat引导的目的状语从句常出现于正式文体中:
Informal:Weshoulddomoreoutdooractivitiessoastoenrichourlife.
Formal:Weshoulddomoreoutdooractivitiesinorderthatourlifegetsenriched.
6.很多考生不会使用由引导词it引导的句子,实际上,这一结构多见于正式文体,不用这一结构而表达同一意义的句子多见于非正式文体:
Informal:Thenumberofstudentsintheclassroomhasbeengoingdown.
Formal:Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthenumberofstudentsattendingclasshasbeendecliningalarmingly.
7.很多考生省略关系代词、连词、介词,这些情况多见于非正式文体。
Informal:Heflunkedmanycourses.Hehadbeenexpelledfromthecollege.
Formal:Heflunkedsomanycoursesthathehadbeenexpelledfromthecollege.
Informal:Hedealtwiththeproblemthewayhisclassmatesdoes.
Formal:Hedealtwiththeprobleminthewayhisclassmatesdoes.
Informal:Weshouldpreventitgoingfrombadtoworse.
Formal:Weshouldpreventitfromgoingfrombadtoworse.
8.在表达请求某人做某事时,很多考生选择使用具有非正式文体色彩的主动语态句式,而没有使用具有正式文体色彩的被动语态句式。
Informal:Pleasecommunicatemorewithyourfriendsandfamily.
Formal:Morecommunicationwithyourfriendsandfamilyisneeded.
9.很多考生未能正确使用某些不定代词、动名词的复合结构,不太注意句子的主谓一致,未能体现文章的正式文体风格。
Informal:Everybodyshouldlookafterthemselves.
Formal:Everybodyshouldlookafterhimself.
Informal:Everyoneshoulddotheirbest.
Formal:Everyoneshoulddohisbest.
Informal:Imnotsurprisedathimfailingthecourse.
Formal:Iamnotsurprisedathisfailingthecourse.
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