2014年度北京导航考研英语强化班讲义

　　Group 1：

　　1. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

　　2. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

　　3. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life , and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

　　4. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.

　　5. When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply the price of hard sweets by 2.5, from 1dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury.

　　6. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically: why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious?

　　7. The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

　　8. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

　　9. The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc.

　　10. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

　　11. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West.

　　12. But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.

　　13. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany , the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States.

　　14. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

　　15. His attempt to buttress his security credentials by ordering a callous 17-day bombardment of Lebanon that killed as many as 300 civilians alienated many more Israeli-Arab voters than it earned him Jewish ones.

　　16. Nowhere could this be done more surely than at Yale, which was not only elite and distinguished but also experimental and adaptable to the free-form culture of the era.

　　17. The desire that men feel to increase their income is quite as much a desire for success as for the extra comforts that a higher income can obtain.

　　18. As regards our foreign policy, it is no less our interest than our duty to maintain the most friendly relations with other countries.

　　19. It would have been impossible for me to have told anyone what I derived from these novels, it was nothing less than a sense of life itself.

　　20.The company of 77 gymnasts, dancers, jugglers, magicians, musicians and artists puts together something that is much more than a collection of stunts.

　　21. Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating.

　　22. It seems then, that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division between the pure scientists and applied scientists is more apparent than real.

　　23. His initial willingness to experiment with reforms stemmed not so much from a love of democracy as from his recognition that without reform, his country and the government would slide toward economic ruin.

　　24. According to the new school of scientists, science moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

　　25. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other.

　　26. No issue is more emotion-rousing than food, because no issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.

　　Group 2

　　1. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage.

　　2. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man.

　　3. The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid.

　　4. Social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work.

　　5. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

　　6. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of education is a technical education justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

　　7. During the transfer, traditional methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

　　8. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

　　9. Growth brought with it increased variety in consumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods and services.

　　Group 3.

　　1. Future built-in computer systems may be used to automatically get business information over the Internet and manage personal affairs while the vehicle s owner is driving.

　　2. One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2℃, which would take place over several thousand years.

　　3.The coming of age of postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-ages who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　4.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest breakthroughs and discoverers to take place.

　　5.In modern industrialized societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high service-content are likely to rise more rapidly than prices of goods capable of mass-production on a large scale.

　　6. The energies of the people of low-income countries are more likely to be harnessed to the task of economic development where the policies of their governments aim to offer economic opportunity for all and to reduce excessive social inequalities.

　　7. Such chicken-raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential famine-relief protein food.

　　8. They agreed, however, that reliable information on that vital subject was meager and that it would serve the public interest to establish an organization that would undertake objective studies of the size and distribution of the national income

　　Group 4.

　　1.Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　2. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

　　3. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad , and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept.

　　4.As a young man in politics, I was trying to figure out how to reconcile my natural desire to have people be civilized and be on good terms with one another and really respect each other and the need to stake out your ground and be in opposition to people who disagree with you.

　　5. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

　　6. The urban environment should offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.

　　7.Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

　　8. In parallel with this quick expansion of worldwide communications capacity came the development and volume production of digital computers and related information processing systems, and the rapid development and expansion of the worldwide system of jet transportation.

　　9. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

　　10. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.

　　11. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rest upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.

　　12. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

　　13. But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.

　　14. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends on the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　Group 5

　　1. Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.

　　2. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world.

　　3.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　4. It is doubtful whether the radio and the movie are more important than the telegraph and telephone, but they have brought more new words into general use.

　　5. He has never mixed with them or spoken to them on equal terms, but has demanded and generally received a respect due to his position and superior intelligence.

　　6. There was a huge library near the riverfront, but I knew that Negroes were not allowed to patronize its shelves any more than they were the parks and playgrounds of the city.

　　7. There is no evidence that Diana would have behaved other than devotedly to her husband and family if she hadn t been forced to acknowledge that her husband wasn t only having a clandestine affair with another man s wife, but had been having this affair for years.

　　8. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.

　　9. Advanced learners from this kind background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.

　　10. Petroleum-related technology has flourished during the postwar period, but the most startling development is the extent to which our nation has failed to use other available and applicable technology in addressing our major energy needs for conservation and supply and early development of new energy-efficient products.

　　Group 6

　　1. The hard test is whether in 50 years Americans will look back at 1998 and say that we raised the bar for public office so high that only saints need apply, or that we dropped it so low that moral authority fell out of the job description.

　　2. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social pattern of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.

　　3. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

　　Group 7

　　1. It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as hard , the social sciences as soft , and the biological sciences as somewhere in between.

　　2. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal.

　　3. New forms of thoughts as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

　　4. But as useful as computers are, they re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior.

　　5. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

　　6. The biographer has to work with the position he or she has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject.

　　7. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution.

　　8. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.

　　9. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family.

　　10. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfishness as innate human traits.

　　11. Adopting a new version of the climate treaty that the Bush administration rejected as harmful to the U.S. economy would save the nation more than $50 billion annually in energy-related costs by 2010 as well as slow global warming, a study for an environmental group says.

　　Group 8

　　1. This is because more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever be recovered in the form of meat.

　　2. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms.

　　3. Specifically, managers in not-for profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promotes higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

　　4. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interrupt or classify them.

　　5. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany , the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States.

　　6. When it made no difference to the fate of a highwayman whether he had killed his victim or merely robbed him of a few pieces of silver, there were no more murders then than there were when men like Sir Francis Burdett succeeded in lightening the excessive severity of the penal laws.

　　Group 9

　　1.The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage.

　　2.For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man.

　　3.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.

　　4.The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons.

　　5.In 1993, there was an explosion in a population of rodents in southwestern United States that spread hantavirus syndrome, a lung infection, after a drought that killed off the rodents predators was quickly followed by heavy rains that expanded the rats food supply.

　　6.She adds, Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使不突出)their visibility.

　　7.If we accept the idea that we won t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate such as secrets and deceptions.

　　8.Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.

　　9.By day, Billes contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately on the retina (视网膜)that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter .

　　10.There were various views about what constitutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence exists -- that is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man.

　　11.The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that available for men.

　　12.An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in common something that can be called human nature.

　　Group 10

　　1.Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.

　　2.It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being over-weight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease.

　　3.In the American economic system it is the demand of individual customers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

　　4.Science fiction is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.

　　5.It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represent sits greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.

　　6.Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.

　　7.Thus SF is not only change speculator but change agent, sending an echo from the future that is becoming into the present that is sculpting it.

　　8.As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

　　9.Yet Walzer s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism namely, that it brings to predominant positions those people who, however legitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those important qualities which evoke affection or admiration.

　　10.However, it is those of us who are paid to make the decisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead the charge.

　　11.Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

　　Group11

　　1.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one.

　　2.In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures.

　　3.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is human creation; it does not exist naturally.

　　Group 12

　　1. The liberties and the restrictions vary with times and circumstances, and admit to infinite modifications, they cannot be settled upon by any abstract rule; and nothing is so foolish as to discuss them upon that principle.

　　2. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce.

　　3. Government is not made in virtue of natural rights, which may and do exist in total independence of it; and exist in much greater clearness, and in a much greater degree of abstract perfection; but their abstract perfection is their practical defect.

　　4. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.

　　5. The psychology of thought processes concerns itself with activities similar to those usually attributed to the inventor, the mathematician, or the chess player; but psychologists have not reached agreement on any definition or characterization of thinking.

　　6. Few changes in the domestic American economy in the postwar period appear to me to be as significant and as inadequately recognized, particularly by national policy makers, as those changes heavily influenced by technology which increasingly the domestic economy to the rest of the world, and make it a more dependent sub-element of a large and more powerful economic system.

　　7. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the While House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

　　8. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming I wanted to spend more time with my family .

　　9. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life , and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.

　　10. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid- 90s equivalent of dropping out.

　　11. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

　　12. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month s stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that music is not the cause of society s ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.

　　13. America s capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.

　　2005年

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.

　　It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and ones impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

　　Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

　　Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

　　Creating a European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

　　In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say Unity we stand, divided we fall -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be Unity in our diversity. A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

　　2004年

　　The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

　　Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from exotic language, were not always so grateful. The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War Ⅱ to send secret messages.

　　Sapir s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American. Indian languages. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

　　2003年

　　Human beings in all tines and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subject all other live forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。

　　Anthropology derives from the Greek words anthropos human and logos the study of. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.

　　Anthropology is one of the social sciences, Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

　　Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.

　　All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity, anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis,. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

　　Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor s formulation of the concept of culture was on of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. Tylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.

　　Thus, the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept of set in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

　　2002年

　　Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning values. Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

　　2001年

　　Directions:

　　Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　In less than 30 years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.

　　71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

　　According to BTs futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.

　　73)Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.

　　Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.

　　Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.

　　2000年

　　Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 1) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 2) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

　　3) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 4) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization----with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed----was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serous problems for the governments concerned. 5) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

　　Part C

　　2000年

　　71.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。

　　72.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

　　73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

　　74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。

　　75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

　　2001年

　　71.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其驶。

　　72.儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届数字化时代就来到了。

　　73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术年历，它列出了人们有望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

　　74.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始： 它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。

　　75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 厨房狂躁症。

　　2002年

　　61.难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

　　62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

　　63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚被认识和研究。

　　64.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

　　65.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

　　2003年

　　60. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

　　61. 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

　　62. 强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。

　　63. 泰勒把文化定义为 一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯 。

　　65. 因此，人类学中的 文化 概念就像数学中 集 的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

　　2004年

　　61. 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

　　62. 我们之所以感激他们(两位先驱)，是因为在此之后，这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。

　　63. 这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。

　　64. Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

　　65. Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

　　2005

　　46. 电视是表达和传递感情的手段之一，在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视或许还从

　　未像在最近的欧洲事件中那样发挥过如此大的作用。

　　47.在欧洲就像在其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团把相互之间有紧密联系的

　　电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社组合到了一起。

　　48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存并不容易，这个事实通过统计数字明确反映了出来：在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不下于50%。

　　49.创造一个能尊重不同文化和传统的 欧洲统一体 不是一项容易的任务，因为它不但需要策

　　略性的选择而且要构成一个连接整个旧大陆的网络。

　　50. 在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说， 团结，我们就会站起来;分裂，我们就会倒下去