历年英语四级的考试阅读理解部分4

　　Passage One

　　Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

　　Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage , hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example.

　　At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patients illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

　　The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.

　　Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each units nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

　　Beth Israels nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which is most hospitals includes only doctors.

　　21.Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?

　　The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.

　　Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.

　　The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.

　　The primary nurse keeps records of the patients health conditions every day.

　　22.It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

　　compared with other hospitals nurse at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient

　　in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view

　　In most hospital nurse get low salaries

　　Compared with other hospital nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital

　　23.A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _____.

　　the present one is refused by the patient

　　the patient complains about the present one

　　the present one proves to be ineffective

　　the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

　　24.The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _____.

　　is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital

　　has to arrange the work shifts of the units nurses

　　can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient

　　has full responsibility in the administration of the units nurses

　　25.The authors attitude towards the nurse system at Beth Israel Hospital is _____.

　　negative neutral

　　critical positive

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.

　　For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

　　It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

　　Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.

　　Papuseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile and bubble when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

　　26.According to the author, babies learn to do things which _____.

　　are directly related to pleasure will bring them a feeling of success

　　will meet their physical needs will satisfy their curiosity

　　27.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby _____.

　　would make learned responses when it saw the milk

　　would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

　　would continue the simple movements without being given milk

　　would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

　　28.In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ______.

　　have the lights turned on please their parents

　　be rewarded with milk be praised

　　29.The babies would smile and bubble at the lights because ______.

　　the lights were directly related to some basic drives

　　the sight of the lights was interesting

　　they need not turn back to watch the lights

　　they succeeded in switching on the lights

　　30.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _____.

　　a basic human desire to understand and control the world

　　the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

　　their strong desire to solve complex

　　a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

　　Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

　　When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some way does not live up to the manufacturers claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty , or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.

　　A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the higher up the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.

　　Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.

　　Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in questions. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear is better than This stereo does not work.

　　The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers rights.

　　31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to _____.

　　complain personally to the manager

　　threaten to take the matter to court

　　write a firm letter of complaint to the store or purchase

　　show some written proof of the purchase to the store

　　32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, its better to complain to ______.

　　a shop assistant the manufacturer

　　the store manager a public organization

　　33. The most effective complaint can be made by _____.

　　showing the faulty item to the manufacturer

　　explaining exactly what is wrong with the item

　　saying firmly that the item of poor quality

　　asking politely to change the item

　　34. The phrase live up in the context means _____.

　　meet the standard of fulfil the demands of

　　realize the purpose of keep the promise of

　　35. The passage tells us _____.

　　How to settle a consumers complaint about a faulty item

　　How to make an effective complaint about a faulty item

　　How to avoid buying a faulty item

　　How to deal with complaints from customers

　　Passage Four

　　Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

　　If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seem in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

　　Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability . They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

　　When comparing men and men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

　　36. Designers and big stores always make money _____.

　　by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry

　　because they are capable of predicting new fashions

　　by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothing

　　because they attach great importance to quality in womens clothing

　　37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _____ .

　　a waste of money an expression of taste

　　a waste of time an expression of creativity

　　38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ______ of clothing.

　　cost comfort

　　appearance suitability

　　39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? ______.

　　New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.

　　The constant changes in womens clothing reflect their strength of character.

　　The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.

　　Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.

　　40. By saying the conclusion to be drawn are obvious , the writer means that _____.

　　womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at

　　women are better able to put up with discomfort

　　men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers

　　men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion