It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lightsand indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many.as three turns to one side.
Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would smile and bubble when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
21. According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
A. are directly related to pleasure B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success D. will satisfy their curiosity
22. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
A. would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D. would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
23. In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to
A. have the lights turned on B. be rewarded with milk
C. please their parents D. be praised
24. The babies would smile and bubble at the lights because______.
A. the lights were directly related to some basic drives
B. the sight of the lights was interesting
C. they need not turn back to watch the lights
D. they succeeded in switching on the lights
25. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of______.
A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C. their strong desire to solve complex problems
D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
牛津实用英语语法:174其他用法
牛津实用英语语法:166 用法
牛津实用英语语法:169 feel,look,smell和taste
牛津实用英语语法:191 现在完成进行时用法
牛津实用英语语法:218 从句时态的呼应
牛津实用英语语法:211 将来进行时
牛津实用英语语法:228 if only
牛津实用英语语法:235 某些动词之后的that…should结构
牛津实用英语语法:201 will+动词原形表示做出决断时的意图
牛津实用英语语法:160 will和should表示假设
牛津实用英语语法:225 if + were以及主语和助动词的倒装
牛津实用英语语法:229 间接引语中的条件句
牛津实用英语语法:197 过去完成进行时形式与用法
牛津实用英语语法:202 现在进行时用来表示将来
牛津实用英语语法:192 现在完成时的一般式与进行式的比较
牛津实用英语语法:216 将来完成时和将来完成进行时
牛津实用英语语法:187与for和since连用
牛津实用英语语法:221 条件句类型1
牛津实用英语语法:200 解释含有意图的将来
牛津实用英语语法:231 should/would think+that从句或so/not
牛津实用英语语法:227 if和in case
牛津实用英语语法:173用来表示习惯性动作
牛津实用英语语法:244 动词+宾语之后的不定式
牛津实用英语语法:193 现在完成进行时进一步举例
牛津实用英语语法:210 will同 want/wish/would like的比较
牛津实用英语语法:204 be going to形式
牛津实用英语语法:159 can't和couldn't表示否定的推断
牛津实用英语语法:162 used
牛津实用英语语法:168 通常不用于进行时的动词
牛津实用英语语法:196 过去完成时在间接引语中的用法
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