快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内完成一篇1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题。前面7个题是判断正误,后3个是填空题。从文章的篇幅和题目的设置都让我们感觉到,考生在复习阶段必须有意识地培养快速阅读能力,以便有效地应对这个部分的测试。
快速阅读能力的提高固然有赖于考生在大量阅读中逐步的积累。但是,在平时的训练的时候,应该注意通过对逻辑关系、标点符号乃至一些特征语言信息点,乃至寻读等方法的积极运用,实现文章主旨的快速把握,并对随后的题目作出有效的判断和填写。
一、逻辑关系在快速阅读中的运用
快速阅读理解能力的提高是有一定方法可循的,为此我们首先提示考生应该尤其注意文章逻辑关系在快速阅读中的运用。逻辑关系散布在文章的句子内部、句句之间、以及段落之间。最基本的逻辑关系有以下几种:
1、因果关系:as a result ,therefore,hence,consequently,because, for, due to, hence, consequently等等。
2、并列、递进关系:and, or, then,in addition,besides,in other words,moreover等等
3、转折关系:however,but, yet, in fact等等。
这些我们其实已经很熟悉的逻辑提示词在文章中起的效果,并非仅仅是衔接文章的句子,从阅读的角度来看,其实同时在给我们某种提示,告诉我们哪些句子是有效信息,相对重要的信息,哪些信息是相对不重要的信息,因为我们在处理文章的时候,有一条清晰的思路,你不是为了完整翻译文章而进行阅读,而是为了获取主旨来阅读。
例如样题中的第一段:You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You dont think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You dont have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.
我们注意到,在该段尾部出现了But。这里的But,说明作者陈述的内容的逻辑主旨发生了变化,因此,转折逻辑词之前的信息就变得不重要了,简单的处理方法是可以仅保留阅读转折词之后的信息。
相应地,并列、递进关系词,意味着它们前后衔接的信息从主旨的体现上没有发生变化,而更多的表现为前后句子主旨的相似性,所以我们选择其中的一半进行阅读。这样,在保证了阅读质量的基础上,也极大地提高了阅读速度。如样题中How Is a Landfill Operated?一段中:
Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries. Some of these materials can be recycled.
In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by private companies.
注意到In addition,该词的出现意味着其后内容和上一段信息主旨基本一致,可以放弃本句的阅读。
二、标点符号在快速阅读中的运用
可以运用标点符号了解不认识的词汇或句子的含义。因为这些标点符号的出现就是为了更进一步地其前的信息。但同时,由于快速阅读用词相对比较简单,很容易理解和把握标点前的被解释信息,所以,可以将这些标点符号后面的信息删除,从而更加快速地把握文章的主旨。
例如样题中有下列信息:
n Dumpan open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals .
n Landfillcarefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment . This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfillland fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste landfilllandfill that uses a synthetic liner to isolate the trash from the environment
注意到在Dump、 Landfill之后分别有一个破折号,如果我们已经明白该标点的意义就在于后面的信息对前者进一步进行解释,那么就可以在明白这些单词基本含义的基础上,放弃其后信息的阅读,因为,阅读理解,我们更强调的是对文章主旨信息的把握,而不是具体的细节信息。
三、特殊信息点在快速阅读中的运用
所谓特殊信息点是指那些很容易在文章中识别的词汇,诸如,时间,数字,大写字母等形式的语言点。这些形式的表达一方面很容易识别出来,另一方面,这些信息点的表现的一般都是文章的琐碎信息,对于主旨的理解和把握而言,不过是更进一步论证而已。因此,可以忽略这些信息的阅读。如果后面测试的题点中确实涉及到了,再回来细读也无妨,毕竟它们的表现形式非常利于查找和定位判断。
如样题中How Much Trash Is Generated?一段中:
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled or composted .
再如样题中How Is Trash Disposed of一段中:
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960.
我们注意到上面的描述中充斥了大量的数字性的词汇,可以判断该部分信息为具体的描述,在处理的时候,可以放弃阅读。
四、寻读在快速阅读中的运用
寻读的目的主要是有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信息,也就是说,在对文章有所了解后,在文章中查找与某一问题、某一观点或某一单词有关的信息,寻找解题的可靠依据。寻读时,要以很快的速度扫视文章,确定所查询的信息范围。值得庆幸的是,在四级快速阅读的测试文章中,已经有了明确的小标题,这就能够帮助我们很快地锁定解题范围。同时,还应该注意题目中体现出的所查信息的特点。如:问题或填空的句子中涉及到人名、地名,则主要寻找首字母大写的单词;有关日期、数目的问题,则主要查找具体数字;有关某个事件、某种观点等,就需要寻找与此相关的关键词,而与所查信息无关的内容可一掠而过。
如样题第6题:In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.
在判断时,一些特殊的用词,United States,building of landfills都提示我们顺利找到原文的In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities.来判断正误。
随后的第9题:To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay a tipping fee of . 则可以通过customers、 tipping fee找到原文Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton.来填写空格。
总的来说,从最新的样题来看,快速阅读理解部分由于其篇幅长,题目灵活,会让考生感觉无从下手。但是,对于该题型我们有一个清晰的概念,那就是快速阅读测试的重点就是考生在短时间内获取篇章主旨和特定信息的能力,因此,它更强调了正确的阅读方法和技巧的贯彻。只要我们掌握一定的方法,培养好的阅读习惯,还是很容易在一段时间内取得满意的成绩。
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