四级考试阅读备考笔记（34）

　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

　　15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.

　　A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings

　　B) the third kind of learning

　　C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning

　　D) none of the above

　　注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。

　　●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性

　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

　　26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.

　　A) are directly related to pleasure

　　B) will meet their physical needs

　　C) will bring them a feeling of success

　　D) will satisfy their curiosity

　　27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.

　　A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk

　　B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

　　C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk

　　D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink

　　28. In Papouseks experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.

　　A) have the lights turned on B) be rewarded with milk

　　C) please their parents D) be praised

　　29. The babies would smile and bubble at the lights because _________.

　　A) the lights were directly related to some basic drives

　　B) the sight of the lights was interesting

　　C) they need not turn back to watch the lights

　　D) they succeeded in switching on the lights

　　30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.

　　A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world

　　B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

　　C) their strong desire to solve complex problems

　　D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills