Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
注:断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因,而是原因之一,冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning
D) the causal process
注:主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each other
B) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed
D) are very much afraid of getting lost
相似词语辨析【87】infectious,contagious
相似词语辨析【89】in/on/to the south
相似词语辨析【59】each和every
相似词语辨析【75】hardly,scarcely
相似词语辨析【66】entrance的两种不同意思
英语讲义【175】挥之不去的错误
英语讲义【172】一字不同,意义有别
相似词语辨析【67】exceptionable,exceptional
相似词语辨析【88】in (the) possession of
相似词语辨析【76】have,there is
相似词语辨析【93】join,join in,join to
英语讲义【148】由on引导的介词短语
英语讲义【166】与日、夜相关的惯用语
英语讲义【171】More than的用法
相似词语辨析【102】luxuriant,luxurious
相似词语辨析【84】human,humane
相似词语辨析【80】He has been ill for ten days.
相似词语辨析【103】momentary,momentous
相似词语辨析【78】have been in/on和have gone to
相似词语辨析【79】He has a son,who is an engineer.
相似词语辨析【90】into,in to
相似词语辨析【92】invaluable,valueless
相似词语辨析【57】due to和owing to
相似词语辨析【94】last,latest
相似词语辨析【100】little,small
相似词语辨析【65】enmity,amity
相似词语辨析【101】loaded,laden
相似词语辨析【109】not all(any/both/either)
相似词语辨析【85】like going和like to go
英语讲义【151】句子合成法
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