Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose (判定)a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注:1.causal 原因的,因果关系的
2.三种推理方式:从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果,第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的,来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注:intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注:在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来,如灯灭了,牛奶变酸:灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and results
B) classification of reasoning
C) some other common types of reasoning
D) some special type of reasoning
注:文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词,one-the
other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage from cause to effect
B) from effect to cause
C) from effect to effect and on to cause
D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
注:第三段,A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一,sufficient cause,C选项没有 必须 含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
注:断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因,而是原因之一,冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning
D) the causal process
小升初英语考试必看:阅读理解高分技巧
小升初英语阅读理解:暑期赚钱
来自动物世界的真爱教科书,触碰到你心灵的最深处
小升初英语阅读理解集锦
小学英语阅读材料:熊爸爸和熊宝宝
双语诗歌:古诗词翻译 屈原《山鬼》
小升初英语双语阅读:蚂蚁和鸽子
双语散文:马克吐温《星光》
小升初英语阅读理解:Bus timetable
经典小诗:我不属于你 I am not Yours
小升初英语阅读理解:应试秘诀
心灵鸡汤:放慢你的生活节奏 简单生活的9个小诀窍
小学英语阅读材料:可怕的万圣节
心灵鸡汤:奖励辛苦工作的你 来一趟悠然假期吧
小升初英语双语阅读:狼和狗
不同的人生精彩:7个原因告诉你生命值得活下去
心情不好?把所有问题全写下来!
小升初英语阅读理解:Calendar
心灵鸡汤:要金子,自己挖 If You Want Golds, Dig them by Yourself
小升初英语双语阅读:公主笑不出来了
感情创伤的恢复期有多长?
父亲的眼泪是我人生的救赎
小学英语阅读材料:圣诞节礼物
小升初英语阅读理解:Learn English
心灵鸡汤:初次约会必须注意的11个细节(1)
可能改变你一生的11个问题:你会怎样回答?
小升初英语阅读理解:Mexico
小升初英语阅读理解:Babysitter Wanted
小学英语阅读材料:赶车
小学英语阅读材料:我不要当明星了
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |