三 外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如:
Husband:its really cold out tonight.
Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.
How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是冻僵的,冻得麻木的。
The snake slithered through the grass.
根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。
在猜测词义过程中,除了使用上面提到的一些技巧,我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
1. 根据前缀猜测词义
例如:
He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.
根据词根conscious,结合前缀semi, 我们便可猜出semiconscious词义半清醒的,半昏迷的。
Im illiterate about such things.
词根literate意为有文化修养的,通晓的,前缀il表示否定,因此illiterate指一窍不通,不知道的。
2. 根据后缀猜测词义
例如:
Insecticide is applied where it is needed.
后缀cide表示杀者,杀灭剂,结合大家熟悉的词根insect,不难猜出insecticide意为杀虫剂。
Then the vapor may change into droplets.
后缀let表示小的,词根drop指滴,滴状物。将两个意思结合起来,便可推断出droplet词义小滴,微滴。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如:
Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.
Hightlight或许是一个生词,但是分析该词结构后,就能推测出其含义。它是由high和light两部分组成,合在一起便是以强光照射,使突出的意思。
Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
Bull和fight结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。
综上所述,利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中,我 们可以灵活运用,综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章的思想内容,提高阅读速度。
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