There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.
In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.
An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.
In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every persons place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.
雅思听力备考中要注意的三类关键名词
雅思听力读题的预测
雅思听力练习的法宝
雅思听力的难点
基础薄弱的考生应该怎么备考雅思听力
雅思听力常考的题型
雅思听力备考技巧
雅思听力评分标准的特点分析
详解雅思听力备考的三个阶
雅思听力生活场景总结
如何灵活运用雅思听力中的定语
雅思听力需要特别关注的词汇条件词
雅思听力考试高分的技巧
雅思听力成绩提高的4个基础步骤
雅思听力审题的细节
雅思听力中的语法的练习
雅思听力难点解析大额数字
雅思听力评分标准的对照表
雅思听力section1常见场景讲解
雅思听力判断题的三个技巧
雅思听力考试的精听泛听技巧讲解
雅思听力评分标准2
雅思听力成绩提高需要解决的两个问题
雅思听力不可忽视的细节答案拼写
雅思听力提分的四大技巧
雅思听力相貌的场景
雅思听力技巧发现段落主题
雅思听力考试的流程
雅思听力常见地名
雅思听力备考材料的分享
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