Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.
Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.
Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.
In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.
31. In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is .
A) wrong C) misleading
B) oversimplified D) unclear
32. Professor Charles R. Schwenks research shows .
A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict
B) the real value of conflict
C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
33. We can learn from Schwenks research that .
A) a persons view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations
C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways
D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict
34. The passage suggests that in for-profit organization .
A) there is no end of conflict
B) expression of different opinions is encouraged
C) decisions must be justifiable
D) success lies in general agreement
35. People working in a not-for-profit organization .
A) seem to be difficult to satisfy
B) are free to express diverse opinions
C) are less effective in making decisions
D) find it easier to reach agreement
31.B 32.C 33.A 34.D 35.B
英语四级听写部分的解题要点
2007年6月23日英语四级考试作文的网友版
新东方名师就四级听力备考回答相关网友提问
新四级听力全面的应对方案
2013年6月英语四级听力题型解析的转折题
2007大学英语四六级考试中如何巩固四级听力
2013年大学英语四级听力短对话练习27
四级考试听写解题的要点
05年12月四级听力的短对话解析
英语四级听写部分解题要点
英语四级考试听力复习的九大技巧
历年英语四级考试听力短文体裁及题材分析
文都李红老师指导英语四级听力的专题训练
2013年6月英语四级听力题型解析事实的状况题
四级听力60个必考习语的详解
2013年大学英语四级听力短对话练习31
新四级样题及答案含听力录音材料
四级听力小对话意义的解释题
四级短文听力提问方式及解题对策
2005年6月最新唐启明的四级考试冲刺讲义
2005年12月英语四级考试听力的mp3下载
浅谈新四级考试听力的应对方案
2004年6月英语四级听力录音mp3下载含听力原文及答案
四级听力以记叙文和说明文为主
大学英语考试四级听力考前辅导1
新四级听力概述及高分技巧一
2003年1月英语四级听力录音mp3含原文
2007年12月英语四级考试听力的篇章部分点睛
新四级长对话和短文技巧2
大学英语四级听力的60个必考习语详解
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |