Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 注:1.physiologically 生理的,mental / phycological 心理的 2.modify 修改、改变;pair with 伴随 3.it is ...that 强调介词状语结构 ●分类型文章:1.分为几类就是文章主题 2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词(通常为动词) 3.多余段落通常例证某一类 The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. 注:1.operant 操作型的,词源 operate 2.cuddle 拥抱 3.第一种 classical conditioning:联系而去做;第二种 operant conditioning:有奖惩而去做 Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 注:1.interact 交往,相互影响 2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的 3.本段是多余段落,例证第一种 classical conditioning 4.mean a. 卑鄙的 11. The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to ____. A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning C) give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learning D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 注:主题题,第一段主题句为第二句 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. 12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning 注:应用题
雅思口语话题及参考范文:Economic Issues
雅思口语模板参考:General
雅思口语模板参考:Hometown
雅思口语模板参考:Natural scenery
雅思口语模板参考:Sports & Hobby
雅思口语模板参考:Student
雅思口语素材:名人名言-塞缪尔.贝克特
雅思口语模板参考:friend
雅思口语模板参考:Learn
雅思口语天天练:你介意我坐这里吗?
雅思口语模板参考:Person similar to you
雅思口语天天练:“没事儿” No Sweat
雅思口语模板参考:music
雅思口语模板参考:special gift
雅思口语素材:名人名言-托马斯.爱迪生
雅思口语素材:好句推荐-走出胆怯的生活
雅思口语话题卡:Your Favorite Room
雅思口语天天练:“我绝不嫁给你”怎么说?
雅思口语模板参考:Transportation
雅思口语模板参考:building
雅思口语模板参考:Introduction
雅思口语模板参考:Married people
雅思口语话题及参考范文:Co-education
雅思口语素材:《GARFIELD》经典台词
雅思口语模板参考:Handcraft
雅思口语天天练:我们分手了
雅思口语话题卡:A Cafeteria
雅思口语天天练:英语吵架可以说什么?
雅思口语模板参考:A teacher
雅思口语素材:名人名言-马丁路德金
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