四六级考试阅读的备考:课堂笔记(6)

　　1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.

　　A) relationships between causes and results

　　B) classification of reasoning

　　C) some other common types of reasoning

　　D) some special type of reasoning

　　注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the

　　other/some-another

　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage from cause to effect

　　B) from effect to cause

　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause

　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect

　　3. A necessary cause is ____.

　　A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur

　　B) one of the causes that can produce the effect

　　C) one that is enough to make the effect occur

　　D) none of them

　　注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有 必须 含义。

　　Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.

　　4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.

　　The power failure is a ____.

　　A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause

　　C) contributory cause D) none of them

　　注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。

　　Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ，is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.

　　5. This passage mainly discusses ____.

　　A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause

　　C) various types of reasoning

　　D) the causal process

　　注：主题题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法

　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物)in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination?