3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
D) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
C) contributory cause D) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition(营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage to the cause and then relate that cause to another effect. This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose (判定)a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注:1.causal 原因的,因果关系的
2.三种推理方式:从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果,第三种更重要
3.extensive 广泛的,来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读
4.In other words 换而言之 a succession of 一系列
5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory(起辅助作用的). A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion ,is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided , though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark plugs(火花塞)or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors --- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注:intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
注:在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来,如灯灭了,牛奶变酸:灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸
2018年6月英语四级作文模板:表示数量
国内英语资讯:Spotlight: Why U.S. excuses for punishing China with tariffs untenable
世界首例 法国男子“二度换脸”
黑龙江省青冈县一中2017-2018学年高一下学期月考B卷英语试卷
Out of the loop “搞不清状况”用英语怎么说?
宁夏银川一中2018届高三第二次模拟考试英语试卷
用13个单词写一段爱情故事
An app to calm you down 聊天机器人为你提供心理咨询服务
维持婚姻幸福感的关键是啥?
纽约发生自杀惨剧抗议污染
国内英语资讯:China, Indonesia to enhance law enforcement cooperation
山东省巨野县一中2017-2018学年高一3月月考英语试卷
鲜肉当道,女性对男性的审美为何正在改变?
朴槿惠放弃对其24年刑期判决提出上诉
黑龙江省青冈县一中2017-2018学年高一下学期月考A卷英语试卷
国内英语资讯:Xinhua Headlines: China plans to build Hainan into pilot free trade zone
小测验 — 和“步行”有关的词汇
体坛英语资讯:Klinsmann: Argentina World Cup favorites, Loew could be open for top club jobs
国内英语资讯:Feature: World-class wingsuiters complete formation flying in Chongqing
晚上洗澡好,还是早上洗澡好?
“柠檬脸挑战”在外国火了,这项挑战与这种疾病有关
据说,这些东西都能影响你的情绪
世界首例 法国男子“二度换脸”
国际英语资讯:Political solution in Yemen is available: UN envoy
体坛英语资讯:Barca and Sevilla in league action ahead of Copa del Rey final
国内英语资讯:Hainan to offer visa-free access to tourists from 59 countries
一不小心把性别说漏嘴!威廉王子透露是男孩!
国内英语资讯:Chinas terrestrial ecosystems play key role in carbon sink: research
体坛英语资讯:NBA China Games 2018 to feature Dallas Mavericks, Philadelphia 76ers
揭秘:当你睡觉时你的身体在做什么
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |