英语六级（二）：仔细阅读答案及解析

　　Section C

　　Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice andmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

　　There was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia .But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but theres also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists havent trained for directly but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, theres a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan .

　　In 2002 the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP m consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPsforpostdocs And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support.Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.

　　IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specificgoals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicittool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.

　　Afree Web application for this purpose, called my IDF.has become available this week. Its designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories. After the user has identified a long-term career goal.my IDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.

　　Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, myIDP will be most effective when it s embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

　　56. What do we learn about new science Ph.D.s in the United States today?

　　A) They lack the skills and expertise needed for their jobs.

　　B) They can choose from a wider range of well-paying jobs.

　　C) They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.

　　D) They are regarded as the nation s driving force of change.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　57. What does the author say about America s Ph.D. training?

　　A) It should be improved to better suit the job market.

　　B) It is closely linked to future career requirements.

　　C) It should be re-oriented to careers outside academia.

　　D) It includes a great variety of practical courses.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　58. What was recommended for Ph.D.s and postdoctoral researchers?

　　A) They meet the urgent needs of the corporate world.

　　B) A long-term career goal be set as early as possible.

　　C) An IDP be made in consultation with an adviser.

　　D) They acquire an explicit tool to help obtain jobs.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　59. Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to __________.

　　A) bring into full play the skills and expertise of their postdoctoral researchers

　　B) help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goals

　　C) place employees in the most appropriate positions

　　D) hire the most suitable candidates to work for them

　　ANSWER 答案

　　60. What do we know about my IDP?

　　A) It is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans.

　　B) It enables people to look into various possibilities and choose the career they love.

　　C) It promises a long-term career path.

　　D) It is part of the graduate curricula.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　56.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：事实细节题。由题干中的new science Ph. D.s in the United States today定位到文章首段前两句。文章开篇两句指出.不久之前，人们还期望美国新毕业的理科博士追求他们在学术界的职业生涯。但是在今天，大多数毕业生最终都在学术界之外工作，他们工作的领域不仅包括工业,还有科学政策、通讯以及专利权法等领域，故答案为C)。

　　57.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：推理判断题。由题干中的America s Ph.D. training定 位到义章第一段第四句。推理判断题。定位句指出，在我们现在培 训科学家的方式和他们真正能得到的就业机会之 间存在巨大的脱节,我们也急切地需要大力改善 培训计划,从而弥补这一差距,故答案为A)。

　　58.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：事实细节题。由题干中的recommended和Ph. D.s and postdoctoral researchers定位到文章第二段第一句。定位句指出，2002年.美同 实验生物学联合会建议每一位博士后研究员都应与一名顾问协商其个人发展计划.故答案为C)。

　　59.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：事实细节题。由题干中的Government agencies and the private sector, IDPs定位到文章第三段前两句。 定位句指出,长期以来,政府机构和私人机构都通过用个人发展计划来为他们的雇员和组织实现特定目标。目的就是要确保雇员能获得清楚明确的衡量工具,帮助他们了解自己的能力和抱负,确定从事某些行业的可能性,并设立自标。

　　60.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：事实细节题。由题干中的myIDP定位到文章倒数第二段前两句。定位句指出，出于这一目的，这周在网上就出现了一个免费的网络应用，名字叫 我的个人发展计划 。它的设计意图就是要为刚刚开始工作的科学家提供指引，进行秘密的却又严格的自省,建立量身定做的职业计划，故答案为A)。

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　Just over a decade into the 21st century, women s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.

　　But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.

　　To measure the state of women s progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect women s lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.

　　Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined. But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-ranking countries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly. Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference, says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.

　　Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can t be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons can t account for difference of opinion.

　　Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

　　summit. When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world, she said. There s a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts.More food.More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.

　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

　　61. What does the author think about women s progress so far?

　　A) It still leaves much to be desired.

　　B) It is too remarkable to be measured.

　　C) It has greatly changed women s fate.

　　D) It is achieved through hard struggle.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　62. In what countries have women made the greatest progress?

　　A) Where women hold key posts in government.

　　B) Where women s rights are protected by law.

　　C) Where women s participation in management is high.

　　D) Where women enjoy better education and health care.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　63. What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?

　　A) They care little about political participation.

　　B) They are generally treated as equals by men.

　　C) They have a surprisingly low social status.

　　D) They are underrepresented in politics.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　64. What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation s top office?

　　A) It does not necessarily raise women s political awareness.

　　B) It does not guarantee a better life for the nation s women.

　　C) It enhances women s status.

　　D) It boosts women s confidence.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　65. What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?

　　A) Give women more political power.

　　B) Stimulate women s creativity.

　　C) Allow women access to education.

　　D) Tap women s economic potential.

　　ANSWER 答案

　　61.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：观点态度题。由题干中的women s progress so far定位到文章第二段。观点态度题。定位段明确指出，然而我们 却不要高兴得太早了。在沙特阿拉伯，妇女无权驾驶汽车。在巴基斯坦,每年有1 000名女性死于 名誉杀人 。在发达国家,妇女在薪金和政治力量方面都落后于男性。美国妇女贫困率去年上升到了14.5%。由此可知,作者认为女性地位仍待提高,故答案为A)。

　　62.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：事实细节题。由题干中的women made the greatest progress定位到文章第四段第一句。事实细节题。由文章第四段第一句可知，获得最高分数的国家主要集中在西方,在那里性 别歧视属于违法行为,平等权利也已通过宪法而被赋予了神圣的意义,故答案为B)。

　　63.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada定位到文章第四段第三、 四句。定位句指出，一些在其他方面排名很靠前的国家在政治代表方面分数相对较 低。加拿大整体排名世界第三,但在政治力量方 面的排名却仅为第26名，落后于古巴、布隆迪等国家，故答案为D)。

　　64.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：观点态度题。由题干中的Anne-Marie Goetz定位到文章第四段最后一句。定位句指出，我们很难量化或测量出妇女在政治领域的影响，因为极少有国家从事政治的妇女能撑起一片天,也就是说一位女性在高层并不能保证整个国家的女性生活得到改善，故答案为B)。

　　65.2013年12月英语六级仔细阅读试题解析：推理判断题。由题干中的Hillary Clinton和make the world a better place定位到文章最后一段的引文部分。定位部分指出，当妇女拥有更多就业和参与国家经济生活的机会时,就会激 发出这样一种效果 政治上愈加稳定，军事冲 突越来越少,食物越来越多，儿童受教育的机会也 越来越多。通过开发全体妇女在经济上的潜力，我们将会为全人类创造出更多机遇，即她建议激发女性的经济潜力，故答案为D)。