It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as hard, the social sciences as soft, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity of sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived form the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, ca easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the security of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things as they were long age, are limited in the extreme.
Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.
1. The word paradox means _____.
A. implication B. contradiction
C. interpretation D. confusion
2. Accroding to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as hard and the social sciences as soft because _______.
A. a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences
B. our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems
C. our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct
D. we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena
3. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because______.
A. it is not based on personal experience
B. new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciences
C. it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data
D. the records of social systems are more reliable
4. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because _____.
A. contradictory theories keep emerging all the time
B. new information is constantly coming in
C. the direction of their development is difficult to predict
D. our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate
5. We know less about the astronomical universe than we don about any social system because ______.
A. theories of its origin and history are varied
B. our knowledge of it is highly insecure
C. only a very small sample of it has been observed
D. few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy
答案:ACDAD
体坛英语资讯:Massa hopes for the crowds support and luck to win F-1
体坛英语资讯:Back to normal at English Premier League
体坛英语资讯:Murray finishes off ailing Federer in Masters Cup
体坛英语资讯:Australia, Japan go clear in group with World Cup qualifying wins
体坛英语资讯:Federer loses to Simon in Tennis Masters Cup
体坛英语资讯:Chelseas Drogba banned for 3 games
体坛英语资讯:Schusters job in danger after weekend disaster
体坛英语资讯:Bayern loses ground with Gladbach tie
体坛英语资讯:Bayern claim fifth straight win
体坛英语资讯:Maradona off to winning start as Argentina beat Scotland 1-0
体坛英语资讯:Djokovic reaches final four with win over Davydenko
体坛英语资讯:Injured Falcao to take 3 months rest after wining World Cup
体坛英语资讯:Chinese gymnasts sweep 7 golds at Stuttgart World Cup
体坛英语资讯:Olympic champion Zou to turn professional
体坛英语资讯:Arsenal suffer setback as Chelsea, Liverpool move on
体坛英语资讯:Juventus defeat complicates Real Madrids Champions League future
体坛英语资讯:Juventus beats Madrid, Man United, Arsenal, Bayern win
体坛英语资讯:Alonso to remain with Renault Formula 1 team
体坛英语资讯:Two soccer fans bullet wounded in Paraguay
体坛英语资讯:Maradona brushes off Butcher snub
体坛英语资讯:Alessandro Del Piero helps Juventus to beat Spaniards
体坛英语资讯:I have enough experience, says Maradona
体坛英语资讯:Zimonjic, Nestor hit top at Tennis Masters Cup
体坛英语资讯:Goosen wins Iskandar Johor Open in Malaysia
体坛英语资讯:Maradona confirms debut against Scotland
体坛英语资讯:Real Madrid knocked out of Spains Copa de Rey by 3rd tier Real Union
体坛英语资讯:Barca, Chelsea, Inter march on as Liverpool held by Atletico
体坛英语资讯:Bojan gives cup triumph to Barcelona
体坛英语资讯:Angola seeks U.S. basketball potential
体坛英语资讯:Manchester United defeats Hull City 4-3
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |