2015考研英语阅读超级养老金

　　Super-duper supers

　　超级养老金

　　TWENTY YEARS OF reform in Australia did not rolloff without resistance, so sweeteners were neededto buy off opposition. One of the most inspiredwas superannuation, a long word meaning privatepension provision that the all-abbreviating Aussies call their super. Used in the 1970s and1980s to please trade unionists , it has turned into thefinancial equivalent of the Swiss army knife, with a multiplicity of benefits.

　　澳大利亚在20年改革推进中并不是没有阻力，因此得给反对派一些甜头来收买他们。最成功之一是退休金政策，这一个长词指的是个人退休保障基金，澳洲人惯用其简略词超级。此政策是在70年代和80年代为了取悦于当时的工会出台的，它在金融中似乎变得跟瑞士军刀一样超有用，具有多样性的助益。

　　In 1992 the Keating government made it mandatory for employers to pay a proportion of thewages of all but the very lowest-paid workers into a superannuation account. The payment,which was tax-deductible, was to rise in annual steps to 9%, where it is today, though by 2019it should be 12%. Employees choose the funds that receive their payments.

　　在1992年基廷政府强制雇主按最低薪资的部分比例支付到养老金专户。这部分支出是免税的，至今年该比例达到9%，并逐年有所递增，计划到2019年达到12%。雇员可选择不同种养老基金接收该款项。

　　The upshot is that most Australian workers, over 8m in total, now have a private nest-egg fortheir old age. No tax is paid when members withdraw from their fund; they can take all theywant as a lump sum, subject to a limit, or buy an annuity. Aussies are now a nation ofcapitalists.

　　其结果是，大多数澳洲就业者，总数超过800万人，现在人人都有个人储备帐户为他们老有所依。当他们提取养老基金款项时不用缴税;他们可以按限额一次提取，也可以按年份提取。澳洲人现在人人都俨然一个资本家。

　　At the same time the state pension system, andtherefore the taxpayer, is being progressivelyrelieved of most of the burden of retirementprovision, since eligibility for the state pensiondepends on both assets and income. As supers takeover, the provision for old folks incomes will bealmost entirely based on defined contributions, notdefined benefits. So Australia is in the happyposition of not having to worry too much about thepension implications of an ageing population,though it may have a problem for six or seven yearsafter 2014 when the post-war baby-boomers stop work with supers only half filled.

　　与此同时，养老基金制度正在逐步减轻政府对退休保障的负担，因为养老金同时取决于资产和收入二项，因此纳税人不用为日益增多的退休人群所带来的社会负担感到担忧。由于养老基金将负责支出这部分开支，老年人群将从中获取保障，此项养老基金将取决于个人历史贡献，而不是直接界定收益。因此，澳大利亚人应该高兴，他们不必担心人口老龄化所带的养老问题。虽然在2014年后可能因战后婴儿潮的影响，预计有六七年时间内，养老基金只能补充一半的养老金需求。

　　The supers have not pushed up the savings rate, but nor have they increased unit labourcosts. Instead, they have created a pool of capital in Australia that might not otherwise haveexisted. Collectively worth about $1.3 trillionmuch the same as GDPthey have madeAustralia the worlds fourth-largest market for pension savings. About 40% of theirinvestments are in Australia, but they are free to invest where they like. Investment managersare coming to Sydney from all over, drawn by the prospect of ten $100 billion pension fundswithin 20 yearsa fillip for Australias financial-services industry.

　　此养老基金项目没有推高储蓄利率，也没有增加单位劳动成本。相反地，此政策在澳大利亚造就了一个前所未有的资本池，其总值约1.3万亿澳元，几乎等同于澳国内生产总值。此举让澳大利亚的养老金储蓄达到全球第四位。养老基金约有40%投资于澳大利亚本土，可非常自由地投资于任何领域。世界各地的投资经理来到了悉尼，预计将在20年内把一千亿美元养老基金通过投资增值10个百分点，这亦使澳大利亚的金融服务业取得了激增。