四级考前内部听力部分串讲的讲义

　　听力部分：四级

　　就其听力部分而言，主要变化体现在对话部分由原来的10题短对话改为8题短对话加7题长对话的形式;其次，听写部分也做了微调，由原来的7个单词加3个句子的考试形式变为8个单词加3个句子的形式;最后，题量方面篇章类的题目由原来的段子题和听写二选一考察的形式改为两者皆考的形式。以上三点变化使听力总题量从原来的20题增加到36题，分值从原来的20%上升到35%，时间从原来的20分钟加长至35分钟。

　　本文根据全国大学英语四、六级考试改革项目组和考试委员会设计的《四级考试新题型试测卷》，就以上四个方面分别谈一下其技巧与学习方法，尤其着重突出改革后新增的长对话部分的题型特点与应对策略。

　　短对话一直以来都是四级考试中最有规律也最易提高的一个部分，这主要是因为对话本身必须兼顾文化背景常识与语言考察点两个部分，所以考试时既不会出两人见面问候吃了没这样不符合文化背景的题目，也鲜见直接对yes, no这样简单单词提问的没有任何考察难度的题目。正是出于这两点考虑，加之为了保证考试成绩的公正性与平衡性，四级考试的短对话部分产生了一些固有的套路和思维模式。

　　《样卷》中所举8题短对话完全取自于以往四级考试真题，由此可见，以往四级短对话的技巧与学习方法依然适用于新四级的考试。根据近年出题思路与喜好偏向，我们不难发现，就考点而言，近年的短对话出题主要集中在以下五个方面：

　　原因考察，如第6题：

　　W: Bob said that Seattle is a great place for conferences.

　　M: He is certainly in the position to make that comment. He has been there so often.

　　Q: What does the man say about?

　　本题考察的划线部分实际为前一句的原因阐述，因此成为考察重点。

　　建议句型，如第1题：

　　W: Carol told us on the phone not to worry about her. Her left leg doesnt hurt as much as it did yesterday.

　　M: Shed better have it examined by a doctor anyway. And Ill call her about it this evening.

　　Q: What does the man think Carol should do?

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　　本题中男人用had better一词表达了建议的内容，从而使之成为考察重点。

　　反问句式，如第5题：

　　W: I just read in the newspaper that Lord of the Rings is this years greatest hit. Why dont we go and see it at the Grand Cinema?

　　M: Dont you think that cinema is a little out of the way?

　　Q: What does the man mean?

　　本题中连续两个反问句式，前者表达了女人的建议，后者则表达了男人的言外之意，所以反问句式是个多功能的表达方式。

　　转折变化，如第3题：

　　M: Hi, Melissa, hows your project going? Have you thought about going to graduate school? Perhaps you can get into Harvard.

　　W: Everything is coming along really well. Ive been thinking about graduate school. But Ill talk to my tutor Dr. Garcia first and see what she thinks.

　　Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?

　　本题中句子相对比较长，但重点却非常突出地表现在转折之后。

　　场景考察，如第9题：

　　W: Wow, I do like this campus. All the big trees, the green lawns, and the old buildings with tall columns. Its really beautiful.

　　M: It sure is. The architecture of these buildings is in the Greek style. It was popular in the 18th century here.

　　Q: What are the speakers talking about?

　　场景一直以来就是四级考试的重点所在，只是目前的考题中场景内容描述用词难度加大而已。

　　其他考点虽然考察较少，但依然值得注意，毕竟这些是历年来出题的主要思路与考察内容，其中主要包括：态度考察、细节把握、数字时间、场景地点、人物关系、言外之意、比较表达、近音词汇、词组词汇等。

　　就考试技巧而言，应该从考点着手，把握听力关键小词、加强对关键句型敏感度、忽略次要信息与混淆内容、积累场景相关词汇。

　　就新题型的变化而言，需要特别注意生活中常用的偏难词汇的把握，因为近年此类难题开始多次出现在听力考试中，类似05年12月考察到的recruit、resume等;其次，句子的加长也是目前考试短对话的必然发展趋势，因此培养对长句的记忆以及关键信息的捕捉，乃至一些必要的记录方法的养成将成为至圣关键;最后，特别值得一提的是，为了加大短对话难度，有一些词汇已经开始向具体化方向发展，即以一具体代表事物来代替抽象的表达，如：05年6月第5题中出现的the Lord of the Rings，引入《指环王》一词来代替我们所熟悉的电影，后文中也用了hit一词来避免movie和film的出现，以此混淆考生视听，以至无法理解对话内容，甚至连对话方向都无法获悉。试想以Myth、Harry Potter、Star Wars或者King Kong来代替考题中的《指环王》应该都无可厚非，但对我们听力难度的改变却是不言而喻的。

　　段子题也一如既往地秉承了以往考试的规律，打造了以议论文、说明文和记叙文三大体裁为基础的听力素材。

　　就考点本身而言，议论文的考点集中在论点、分论点、典型论据以及结论和作者态度方面等;而说明文主要关注说明对象、说明对象各方面的特点等;记叙文则以短小故事类为主，考察事情的起因、经过和结果。

　　综合以上特点我们会发现，就考试技巧而言，文章开篇可以说几乎是个必考的内容，无论是中心论点、说明对象还是事情起因都集中在文章首三句中，因此也使文章开篇异常重要;文末的考察点也相对密集，诸如议论文的结论和作者态度以及记叙文的结果等;至于文中部分一般考察的分论点与说明对象各方面特点都有比较明显的抽象性，而典型论据则具备典型词汇的辅助，如first, main, only, vital, crucial, chief, major, above all, 最高级表达等，而经过部分核心句的表达方式也与经过部分大部分一波三折内容大相径庭。这些特点都是在做听力时能辅助我们寻找考点的明显特点。

　　就考试发展形势而言，近年来考题形式以说明文为主导，综合了各类文章考试特点而形成的综合式段子成为了我们的考试主流。考察点依然集中在文章开篇3句、结尾3句以及文章中间典型论据、原因转折、反复重复之处。

　　以《样卷》所给三篇文章为例，第一篇与第三篇的第一题均出自文章首三句中，而三篇文章的最后一题无一例外地都考在了末三句的范围之内。作为说明文，第一篇文章从现在已着手开发的电动汽车、未来交通状况以及星际旅行三个方面描述了未来人们行动方式与今天的不同，因此其第二题考察了未来交通状况这个部分的特点，为三个说明对象特点之一;第二篇的第二题则考察了一个原因考点，即澳大利亚人要将结婚戒指戴在未来妻子中指的原因;第三篇文章涉及剑桥大学各方面特点的说明描述，其第二、三题分别考察了该学校若干特点中的两个――其学院所享有的权力以及其图书馆的特征。由于这些例文均取自往年考试真题，所以有普遍说服力和代表性。类似特点还可参考笔者所写的《2005年12月四级听力考试Passage部分解析》一文，由于与历年考题特征一致，所以此处不再赘述。

　　长对话作为新出现的考题形式，其实只是完全结合了短对话的考察点与段子题的出题分布而形成的所谓新题。

　　就其出题分布而言完全类似段子题的排布，一般会有一题整体把握，考察对话主题、对话人物关系或对话地点场景等。之后部分若对话为多话题内容，则选择其中几个话题进行考察，这类似于段子题中的说明文特点;若对话内容为单一事件的描述，则关注事件的起因、经过、结果等方面，这又完全雷同于记叙文的考察特点;如果是调研性内容，则考察点往往可能集中到被调研人的观点、意见、建议等方面，这又完全是我们议论文的考察模式;所以可以说就考点位置而言，会完全类似于我们的段子题，甚至可以比段子题更简单些，因为对话本身的特征决定了这些内容又往往在文中问答交替处，尤其是问题的回答部分，因为考生可就这个部分引起注意。

　　当然，就考点本身特点而言，则完全可以模仿短对话中的反问、建议、原因等内容特色来出题，所谓换汤不换药，只是对话多几个回合罢了。

　　以《样卷》所给的两篇长对话为例：

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　　Conversation One

　　W: Hello, Gary. Howre you?

　　M: Fine! And yourself?

　　W: Cant complain. Did you have time to look at my proposal?

　　M: No, not really. Can we go over it now?

　　W: Sure. Ive been trying to come up with some new production and advertising strategies. First of all, if we want to stay competitive, we need to modernize our factory. New equipment shouldve been installed long ago. //

　　M: How much will that cost?

　　W: We have several options ranging from one hundred thousand dollars all the way up to half a million.

　　M: OK. Well have to discuss these costs with finance. //

　　W: We should also consider human resources. Ive been talking to personnel as well as our staff at the factory.

　　M: And whats the picture?

　　W: Well probably have to hire a couple of engineers to help us modernize the factory. //

　　M: What about advertising?

　　W: Marketing has some interesting ideas for television commercials.

　　M: TV? Isnt that a bit too expensive for us? Whats wrong with advertising in the papers, as usual?

　　W: Quite frankly, its just not enough anymore. We need to be more aggressive in order to keep ahead of our competitors. //

　　M: Will we be able to afford all this?

　　W: Ill look into it , but I think higher costs will be justified. These investments will result in higher profits for our company.

　　M: Well have to look at the figures more closely. Have finance draw up a budget for these investments.

　　W: All right. Ill see to it. //

　　Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

　　19.What are the two speakers talking about?

　　20.What does the woman say about the equipment of their factory?

　　21.What does the woman suggest about human resources?

　　22. Why does the woman suggest advertising on TV?

　　本文已用//划成5段，分别对应1个话题的5个不同方面：设备、价格、人力资源、广告以及投资，其中第一段中还包括了对话主题。四题中第一题就是明显的对话整体把握题，考察对话主题，出现在文章第一段中问答处;第二题也在第一段中，考察了5个方面中的第一个方面，正因为是first，自然也最重要，因此也借用了段子题中典型论据的特点;第三题考察了第3段人力资源的问答处，主要考察了短对话中言外之意和建议句型的特点，该问题：Whats the picture?表示计划情况如何的意思;第四题也是对第4段广告部分中建议句型的考察。

　　Conversation Two

　　W: Sir, youve been using the online catalogue for quite a while , Is there anything I can do to help you?

　　M: Well, Ive got to write a paper about Hollywood in the 30s and 40s, and Im really struggling. There are hundreds of books, and I just dont know where to begin.

　　W: Your topic sounds pretty big. Why dont you narrow it down to something likeuh the history of the studios during that time?

　　M: You know, I was thinking about doing that, but more that 30 books came up when I typed in movie studios.

　　W: You could cut that down even further by listing the specific years you want. Try adding 1930s or 1940s or maybe Golden Age.

　　M: Golden Age is a good idea. Let me type that in Hey, look, just 6 books this time. Thats a lot better.

　　W: Oh another thing you might consider have you tried looking for any magazine or newspaper articles?

　　M: No, Ive only been searching for books.

　　W: Well, you can look up magazine articles in the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature. And we do have the Los Angeles. Times available over there. You might go through their indexes to see if theres anything you want.

　　M: Okay, I think Ill get started with these books and then Ill go over the magazines.

　　W: If you need any help, Ill be over at the Reference Desk.

　　M: Great, thanks a lot.

　　Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

　　23. What is the man doing?

　　24. What does the librarian think of the topic the man is working on ?

　　25. Where can the man find the relevant magazine articles?

　　本文第一题同样是对对话主题的考察;而第二题则是对女人态度以及反问句式的考察，并且该反问句式还是建议句型的表达模式;最后第三题则是对建议句型的考察，考察女人建议男人怎么做。

　　因此，长对话完全是一种色厉内荏的题目形式，难度明显低于段子题，以短对话和段子题揉杂的形式加之长对话的名字考察考生的综合运用能力，相信充分掌握短对话和段子题的特征后，长对话的挑战可以迎刃而解。

　　最后的听写部分保留了以往考试的大部分特色，仅加了一个单词作为改变，从本质上说没有任何区别――单词以实词为主，句子长度则控制在10~25个单词之间。在平时加强听写练习是提高听写能力的唯一方法。所谓听写练习主要目的是一方面加强考生听到单词后的反应与速记能力，另一个方面则是加强对长句的记忆能力。因此对于这个部分基础比较薄弱的同学而言，可以先尝试以整句为单位听句子后解释其中文大意;熟练后可进行第二步，即以整句为单位听句子后用英语复述其内容;最后一步落实到听写，这样循序渐进的方法可以从根本上改善考生的听写水平。

　　在考试中，听写部分则需要特别注意名词单复数形式;动词时态语态;弱读、失爆等语音、语调、语速所引起的干扰特征;同、近音词汇;难词、易错词拼写以及转换了词性的单词的考察等几个常见的听写中容易出现问题的地方，在平时勤加练习，必能精诚所致，金石为开。

　　综合以上种种，本文以《四级考试新题型试测卷》为蓝本，对改革后新四级听力部分的考点、技巧以及发展趋势分别作了综合的分析，旨在帮助考生更好地了解、应战新四级考试，做到知己知彼，百战不殆。

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　　四、 预读与应试技巧的使用：

　　05-6-01

　　A) The man hates to lend his tools to other people.

　　B) The man hasnt finished working on the bookshelf.

　　C) The tools have already been returned to the woman.

　　D) The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing.

　　05-6-02

　　A) Give the ring to a policeman.

　　B) Wait for the owner of the ring in the rest room.

　　C) Hand in the ring to the security office.

　　D) Take the ring to the administration building.

　　06-6-24

　　A)The man has never seen the woman before.

　　B)The two speakers work for the same company.

　　C)The two speakers work on the same floor.

　　D)The woman is interested in market research.

　　五、 Passage中基本技巧的把握：

　　06-6-24-34

　　A) The players found the basket too high to reach.

　　B) The players had trouble getting the ball out of the basket.

　　C) The players had difficulty understanding the complex rules.

　　D) The players soon found the game boring.

　　02-6-19

　　When Stevenson followed the carbon-14 trail back in time, he found carbon-14 levels change with the intensity of solar burning. You see, the sun has cycles. Sometimes it burns fiercely, at other times, its relatively calm. During the suns violent periods, it throws off charged particles in fast moving strings called solar winds

　　A) The lifecycle of trees.

　　B) The number of trees.

　　C) The intensity of solar burning.

　　D) The quality of air.

　　05-12-11/13

　　A new study reports the common drug aspirin greatly reduces life-threatening problems after an operation to replace blocked blood vessels to the heart.

　　

　　However, the doctors warned that people who have stomach bleeding or other bad reactions from aspirin should not take it after heart surgery.

　　11. What is the finding of the new study of aspirin?

　　13. What warning did the doctors give about the use of aspirin?

　　06-6-24-27/28/29

　　27.Lack of space in Athens is the main reason why the dead are dug up after three years.

　　29.Athens city council wants to introduce cremation that is burning dead bodies as a means of dealing with the problem. But the Greek church resists this practice.

　　28.To save space, the church suggested burying the bodies standing up instead of lying down.

　　05-6-18/19/20

　　18. What was the diamond ring said to represent?

　　18. A) loyalty

　　B) luck

　　C) durability

　　D) beauty

　　19. Why did the Austrian man place the diamond ring on the third finger of the left hand of his would-be wife?

　　19. A) It was supposed that the diamond on that finger would bring good luck

　　B) It was thought a blood vessel in that finger led directly to the heart

　　C) He believe that is symbolized an everlasting marriage

　　D) He wanted to follow the tradition of his country

　　20. What is the chief advantage of having the engagement period?

　　20. A) The two people can earn enough money for their wedding

　　B) The two people can learn about each others likes and dislikes

　　C) The two people can have time to decide if they are a good match

　　D) The two people can have time to shop for their new home

　　六、听写突击练习法：

　　06/6/24

　　44 something that is simply there around them not something they can use

　　45 the fast food industry can be seen as a clear example of American cultural product

　　46 spread the world they have been viewed as symbols of American society and culture