高三英语语法和惯用法：当心虚拟语气考点

　　◆考点综述

　　在早几年的高考英语考题中，虚拟语气不是一个重要的考点2005年和2006年全国三十多套高考英语试题(其中2005年16套，2006年19套)直接考查了虚拟语气的用法问题的只有三套题(即2005年的江苏卷和2006年的湖北卷和福建卷)，而2007和2008年两年全国近四十套(每年近二十套)高考英语试题中竟没有一道题是直接考查虚拟语气的。所以不少同学(包括部分老师)就认为高考不会再考查虚拟语气了，并且在备考中也开始淡化对虚拟语气的复习。但有趣的是，手持指挥棒的命题专家们好像觉察到了这一问题，他们于是在2009年开始恢复虚拟语气这一考点(其中有福建、天津、安徽三省市的高考题直接考查了虚拟语气)，并且在2010年的高考中，全国便有七个省市直接考查了虚拟语气的用法这是近年来虚拟语气考点覆盖面最广的。今年的高考对于虚拟语气的考查是会从七个省市跳回到原来的三个省市，还是会在七个省市的基础上再次扩大覆盖面?我们无法肯定地预知，但鉴于2010年该考点如此来势汹汹，再加上不少省市的高考听力测试也往往借助虚拟语气来设题，所以我们还是建议，你最好不要随便放弃虚拟语气这一考点!花半个小时读读本文，说不定你就完全掌握了!

　　一、考查虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

　　虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法是其最基本的用法，也是高考最可能涉题的用法。为了便于理解和记忆，我们虚拟语气在虚拟条件从中的用法分为三类涉及现在时间的虚拟条件，涉及过去时间的虚拟条件，涉及将来时间的虚拟条件。下面就是这三类基本句型的谓语动词形式：

时间

从句谓语形式

主句谓语形式

将来

一般过去时(be用were)

would/should/might/could+动词原形

现在

一般过去时(be用were)

would/should/might/could+动词原形

过去

过去完成时

would/should/might/could have+过去分词

　　【有关考题】(答案分别为CBD)

　　(1) If he _______ my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. (2010湖南卷)

　　A. followed B. should follow

　　C. had followed D. would follow

　　(1) If we _______ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (2010陕西卷)

　　A. take B. had taken

　　C. took D. have taken

　　(1) John went to the hospital alone.

　　If he _______ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010天津卷)

　　A. should tell B. tells

　　C. told D. had told

　　二、考查特殊句型中的虚拟语气

　　英语中需要使用虚拟语气的特殊句型不多，主要有以下类：

　　1. 倒装类虚拟语气

　　当虚拟条件句中含有were, should, had时，有时可将引导虚拟条件句的连词if省略，而将从句中的were, should, had 提到句首，构成倒装形式的虚拟语气。如：

　　If he were here, she would agree too. Were she here, she would agree too. 如果她在这里，她也同意的。

　　If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. Should it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. 假若明天下雨，我们只好推迟这场比赛。

　　If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.Had we found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。

　　注意，如果条件从句的谓语为否定式，其中的否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Werent, Shouldnt, Hadnt而置于句首。如：

　　我如不是警告了你，你就可能丧命了。

　　正：If I hadnt warned you, you could have been killed.

　　正：Had I not warned you, you could have been killed.

　　误：Hadnt I warned you, you could have been killed.

　　另外，有时省略if后提前到句首的had可能不是助动词，而是实义动词。如：

　　Had I time, I would go with you. 假如我有时间，我就同你们一起去。

　　句中的had不是构成过去完成时的助动词，而是表示有，如果不省略if，其完整形式为：If I had time, I would go with you.

　　【有关考题】(答案分别为AB)

　　(1) Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _______. (2010浙江卷)

　　A. would have been saved B. had been saved

　　C. will be saved D. was saved

　　(1) _______ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (2006湖北卷)

　　A. Would you be B. Should you be

　　C. Could you be D. Might you be

　　2. 隐含类虚拟语气

　　在某些特定的语境中，有时表示虚拟条件的从句可以不出现，而是隐含在句子中的某些短语中，比如隐含在不定式短语、分词短语、介词短语、名词短语等之中。如：

　　I should be happy to go with you. 如果能与你一起去，我将很高兴。

　　句中的不定式短语to go with you就是表示虚拟条件的，它相当于if I could go with you。这句话的言外之意是：可惜我不一定有机会同你一起去。

　　To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 你学习更用功些，你早就考及格了。

　　句中的不定式短语to have studied harder也是表示虚拟条件的，它相当于if you had studied harder。句子的言外之意是：可惜你当时没有更用功我，所以你就没有考及格。

　　Failing this time, what would you do?假若这次失败，那你怎么办?

　　句中的分词短语failing this time表示虚拟条件，相当于if you failed this time。其言外之意是：尽管失败的可能性很小，但还是有可能会失败，假若失败了，那怎么办?

　　Without your help, we couldnt have succeeded. 如果没有你的帮助，我们就不会取得成功。

　　句中的介词短语without your help表示虚拟条件，相当于if you hadnt given us help。其言外之意是：好在你帮助了我们，所以我们取得了成功。

　　I didnt know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 我不知道他是个骗子，不然我也不会相信他了。

　　句中的or else隐含着一个虚拟条件，它相当于if I had known he was a cheat。句子的言外之意是：当是我竟然相信了他。

　　【有关考题】(答案为D)

　　The weather has been very hot and dry.

　　Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables ________. (2010北京卷)

　　A. wouldnt die B. didnt die

　　C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died