43.
In this argument the author concludes that university hospitals provide no better care than private or community hospitals. The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about university hospitals: the ones in this region employ 15 percent fewer doctors; they have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients; they pay their staffs less money; they make less profit than community hospitals; and they utilize doctors who divide their time betweenteaching, research and treating patients. This rgument is unconvincing for several reasons.
The most egregious reasoning error in the argument is the authors use of evidence pertaining to university hospitals in this region as the basis for a generalization about all university hospitals. The underlying assumption operative in this inference is that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals. No evidence is offered to support this gratuitous assumption.
Secondly, the only relevant reason offered in support of the claim that the quality of care is lower in university hospitals than it is at other hospitals is the fact that university hospitals have a lower success rate in treating patients. But this reason is not sufficient to reach the conclusion in question unless it can be shown that the patients treated in both types of hospitals suffered from similar types of maladies. For example, if university hospitals routinely treat patients suffering from rare diseases whereas other hospitals treat only those who suffer from known diseases and illnesses, the difference in success rates would not be indicative of the quality of care received.
Finally, the author assumes that the number of doctors a hospital employs, its success rate in treating patients, the amount it pays its staff, and the profits it earns are all reliable indicators of the quality of care it delivers. No evidence is offered to support this assumption nor is it obvious that any of these factors is linked to the quality of care delivered to patients. Moreover, the fact that doctors in university hospitals divide their time among many tasks fails to demonstrate that they do a poorer job of treating patients than doctors at other kinds of hospitals. In fact, it is highly likely that they do a better job because they are more knowledgeable than other doctors due to their teaching and research.
In conclusion, the authors argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to demonstrate that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals, as well as establishing a causal link between the various factors cited and the quality of care delivered to patients.
44.
The management of the Megamart grocery store concludes that adding new departments and services is the surest way to increase profits over the next couple of years. They are led to this conclusion because of a 20 percent increase in total sates, realized after the addition of a pharmacy section to the grocery store. On the basis of this experience, they concluded that the convenience of one-stop shopping was the main concern of their customers. The managements argument is faulty in several respects.
In the first place, the management assumes that the increase in total sales was due to the addition of the pharmacy section. However, the only evidence offered to support this conclusion is the fact that the addition of the pharmacy preceded the increase in sales. But the mere fact that the pharmacy section was added before the increase occurred is insufficient grounds to conclude that it was responsible for the increase. Many other factors could bring about this same result. Lacking a detailed analysis of the source of the sales increase, it would be sheer folly to attribute the increase to the addition of the pharmacy section.
In the second place, even if it were the case that the increase in total sales was due to the addition of the pharmacy section, this fact alone is insufficient to support the claim that adding additional departments will increase sales even further. It is quite possible that the addition of the pharmacy section increased sales simply because there was no other pharmacy in the vicinity. The additional proposed departments and services, on the other hand, might be well represented in the area and their addition might have no impact whatsoever on the profits of the store. In other words, there may be relevant differences between the pharmacy section and the additional proposed sections that preclude them from having a similar effect on the sales of the store.
In conclusion, the managements argument is not well-reasoned. To strengthen the conclusion, the management must provide additional evidence linking the addition of the pharmacy section to the increase in total sales. It must also show that there are no exceptional reasons for the sales increase due to the pharmacy section that would not apply to the other proposed additions.
中国将拥有亚投行“一票否决权”
维多利亚女王10岁时著童话书近日出版
多谢JK罗琳!邓布利多与甘道夫“结婚”啦!
竞争与监管夹击下 优步斥重金撬开中国市场
七国峰会将讨论供应链标准保障工人人权
“跟我去看世界”情侣完婚
研究:废寝忘食并不能有效提高成绩
告诉你爱上iOS9的九大原因
数字产品噩梦 流向全球的电子垃圾
揭秘中国毕业生最想工作的三家公司
自动售货机峰会将展望中日市场未来
孩子不听话别搬出警察
魔戒白袍巫师逝世:93岁的开挂人生无须解释
预警: 金融世界过度膨胀的先兆
6架无人机出动防高考作弊
90后成“白帽黑客”主力
这个暑假 找到属于你的国家公园
国际足联计划推迟2026年世界杯竞标
低俗小说 马来西亚年轻人的阅读新宠
多大仇? 推特CEO辞职刺激股价大涨7%
苹果推Apple Music 更新三大系统
英考卷自问自答 考生乐开花
很笨很浪漫:男子为女友替考遭罚款1400镑
最无争议涨薪:乡村教师待遇有望提高
希腊总理周三与德法首脑谈判救助希腊经济
公安部:二代身份证可异地办理挂失
谷歌自动驾驶汽车会比人类司机更安全
马云觉得:阿里巴巴不上市就好了
高科技时代鼠标一点 各种蔬菜轻松种植
万达集团试水商业地产众筹
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |