让步式攻击:首先,攻击原文第一个错误,例如是调查类错误,攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。然后,在攻击第二个错误时,假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下进行的,也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断,言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。最后,在攻击第三个错误时,假定第二个问题也是成立的,也无法导出第三个论断。这样一种让步式的体系,到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系,让原文的逻辑无法成立,题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。
下面我们拿Argument38题来做一个讲解。
Argument 38
The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council。
An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism。
正确理解GMAT Issue中的enterprise
在GMAT的Issue题库中,两次出现了同一个单词enterprise:
In any enterprise, the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than the final product。
The best strategy for managing a business, or any enterprise, is to find the most capable people and give them as much authority as possible。
分析:
A。调查类错误+因果类错误:论断引用一份在东部地区的研究,说当地人吃鱼多,一年只去医院看一两次感冒。首先,东部地区的调查样本选择是否随机,是否具有代表性,样本数量是否足够大。其次,感冒的人不一定都会去医院,一年去医院接受一两次感冒治疗并不意味着一年只得一两次感冒,有很多感冒的人自己在家里休息或吃药。第三,即便东部的人确实一年只感冒一两次,但未必是由于吃鱼而防止了感冒,可能是其他原因,例如东部地区的水土、环境、卫生措施。没有这些资料,就不能从这份研究中确信东部人是因为吃鱼使患感冒的频率少了。
B。错误类比类:即便东部地区的人吃鱼防止了感冒,但是西部地区未必能引用这一个做法来预防感冒,因为东西部地区环境不同,引起的感冒原因可能不同,吃鱼预防感冒未必能解决西部地区的感冒问题。
C。错误类比类:即便西部地区的人也能通过吃鱼预防感冒,但是正如论者所说,从鱼油里面提炼出的Ichthaid物质未必能够起到和鱼同样的作用。论断的前提是Ichthaid能起到和鱼一样的效果,但论者没有提供任何资料证明这一点。虽然说吃鱼能够防止感冒,但这不意味着鱼油也能防止感冒,更不能保证鱼油中的某种成份如Ichthaid能有这样的效果。因为从鱼到鱼油再到Ichthaid有一个提炼过程,论者没有提供证据证明防止感冒的成分都留在了Ichthaid里。
D。急于概括类错误:论者认为感冒是旷工旷课最常用的理由,所以减少感冒也就是减少旷工旷课的好办法。但是论者没有提供资料有多少旷工旷课的人是因为感冒,还是以感冒为借口。我们都知道身体不舒服是最容易请到假的,另外Ichthaid有没有副作用,论者也没有提供资料。如果说感冒减少后,人们改用其他的借口,或是患肠胃病的人又多了,这就显然不是一个好办法。
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