在GRE和GMAT写作的满分评分标准中,无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT,都会对写作的用词提出要求。如在ISSUE 中提到:Uses language fluently, with varied sentence structure and effective vocabulary.即语言流利,使用多变的句型和有效、令人印象深刻的词汇。ARGUMENT中提到:Demonstrates control of language, including diction and syntactic variety,即展示对语言的掌控,包括用词和用句的多样性。通过这两条,不难看出,阅卷人在词这块的要求其实很简单effective和variety。而在写作中,恰到好处地使用小词就可以帮助你的文章达到上述两个要求。
首先要说明一点,所谓小词并非俚语。由于评分标准明确要求使用standard written English,因此非正式的俚语、俗语、外来语都不被建议在写作中使用。小词smart word,指的是一些看似稀松平常普普通通的单词的精妙用法。主要包括以下几种情况:
一.具体抽象:
所谓具体到抽象指的是把一个单词的具体含义进行引申从而用在某些抽象的场合。下面我们来看几个例子。
1.Bask. Bask这个单词表示晒太阳,由此可以引申出沉浸,沐浴在。如bask in the glory of world cup 或者bask in jubilance.
2.Brew. Brew这个单词也很熟悉,表示酿酒,一引申就可以变成酝酿这个抽象含义。如每逢战争即将打响,我们可以说Storms are brewing on every frontier.
3. Swallow. Swallow表示吞咽东西,也就是不加咀嚼地吃东西,因此当我们在描述一个人不加思考就轻易相信别人时,就可以使用这个单词。如Surely, I know better than to swallow his words.有时也可以表示取消,如He had to swallow his words。
4.Gnaw. Gnaw指的是小动物,如啮齿类动物,咬,啃。稍加引申就变成了使烦恼、折磨。如The feeling of guilt gnawed at my conscience day and night.
5. Wean. Wean原义指新生儿断奶,引申为使断绝、使戒掉、使放弃。如These plants have succeed in weaning from the green house environment.
二.名词动词
不同词性之间的转换也是小词活用的一个思路,这里我们讲讲相对较为普遍也容易掌握的名词到动词的活用。
1.Bridge. Bridge,桥梁。桥梁的作用很显然是连接,因此它做动词就可以表示连接、消除。如bridge chasm, silence, difference, generation gap
2.Budget. Budget名词表示预算,动词为合理安排。如She is extremely busy, so she has to budget her time carefully.
3.Toy. Toy是玩具的意思,由这个名词演变出的动词可以表示漫不经心地考虑、摆弄。如She toyed with a pencil, brooding on something like a hen.
4.Bracket. Brackets 复数形式表示括号。动词bracket指把某和某归入一类,相提并论,Jones and Smith were bracketed in a tie for the first prize.
三.由人到物
所谓由人到物是指这个单词原本形容人,而在某些场合中可以采用拟物的手法,形容物体或事件。
1.Flatter. Flatter指谄媚、奉承。拟物后可以表示比真人好看。如You are surely flattered by this dress.
2.Flirt. Flirt最熟悉的意思是调情,而事实上,它还可以表示不当真的对待、玩笑地对待。如Flirt with the idea of resigning
3. Conspire. conspire形容人同谋、密谋,也可以形容事物联合发生共同导致。如Wretched weather, nasty food and disgusting companions conspired to reduce my picnic to be a wet blanket.
4.Coax. Coax指人用好话劝、哄诱,指物的时候作耐心地处理、小心摆弄的意思。如Pianists have their own difficulties on the piano hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion.
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