GRE阅读练习每日一篇(四十六)

　　编辑点评： GRE阅读的方法相信大家已经积累了很多了，本文就为大家提供一些GRE阅读的材料，大家来练一练，把平时学到的东西运用到实际中，也多多积累词汇和句子，提高自己的阅读能力。

　　每天做一些标准的GRE阅读练习，有助于大家在GRE考试的复习过程中不断地进行练习和总结。希望大家在进行GRE阅读练习时，充分运用平时所积累的知识，这样才能有效果。

　　Diamonds, an occasional component of rare igneous rocks called lamproites and kimberlites, have never been dated satisfactorily. However, some diamonds contain minute inclusions of silicate minerals, commonly olivine, pyroxene, and garnet. These minerals can be dated by radioactive decay techniques because of the very small quantities of radioactive trace elements they, in turn, contain. Usually, it is possible to conclude that the inclusions are older than their diamond hosts, but with little indication of the time interval involved. Sometimes, however, the crystal form of the silicate inclusions is observed to resemble more closely the internal structure of diamond than that of other silicate minerals. It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.

　　17. The author implies that silicate inclusions were most often formed

　　with small diamonds inside of them

　　with trace elements derived from their host minerals

　　by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks

　　at an earlier period than were their host minerals

　　from the crystallization of rare igneous material

　　18. According to the passage, the age of silicate minerals included in diamonds can be determined due to a feature of the

　　trace elements in the diamond hosts

　　trace elements in the rock surrounding the diamonds

　　trace elements in the silicate minerals

　　silicate minerals crystal structure

　　host diamonds crystal structure

　　19. The author states that which of the following generally has a crystal structure similar to that of diamond?

　　Lamproite

　　Kimberlite

　　Olivine

　　Pyroxene

　　Garnet

　　20. The main purpose of the passage is to

　　explain why it has not been possible to determine the age of diamonds

　　explain how it might be possible to date some diamonds

　　compare two alternative approaches to determining the age of diamonds

　　compare a method of dating diamonds with a method used to date certain silicate minerals

　　compare the age of diamonds with that of certain silicate minerals contained within them

　　Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether the commentator is North American or Puerto Rican. Many North American social scientists, such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpatrick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans as the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants to occupy the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a sociodemographic approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultural integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. Even the radical critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.

　　In contrast, the colonialist approach of island-based writers such as Eduardo Seda-Bonilla, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, and Luis Nieves-Falcon tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values. There is, of course, a strong tradition of cultural accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Rico s commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilation process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservation of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities.

　　This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puerto Rican and North American traditions have been subject to constant challenge from cultural forces within their own societies, forces that may move toward each other in ways that cannot be written off as mere assimilation. Consider, for example, the indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions in Puerto Rican culture and how they influence and are influenced by other Caribbean cultures and Black cultures in the United States. The elements of coercion and inequality, so central to cultural contact according to the colonialist framework play no role in this kind of convergence of racially and ethnically different elements of the same social class.

　　21. The author s main purpose is to

　　criticize the emphasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States

　　support the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign process for Puerto Ricans

　　defend a view of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans that emphasizes the preservation of national culture

　　indicate deficiencies in two schools of thought on the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States

　　reject the attempt to formulate a general framework for discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United States

　　22. According to the passage, cultural accommodation is promoted by

　　Eduardo Seda-Bonilla

　　Manuel Maldonado-Denis

　　the author of Divided Society

　　the majority of social scientists writing on immigration

　　many supporters of Puerto Rico s commonwealth status

　　23. It can be inferred from the passage that a writer such as Eugenio Fernandez Mendez would most likely agree with which of the following statements concerning members of minority ethnic groups?

　　It is necessary for the members of such groups to adapt to the culture of the majority.

　　The members of such groups generally encounter a culture that is static and undifferentiated.

　　Social mobility is the most important feature of the experience of members of such groups.

　　Social scientists should emphasize the cultural and political aspects of the experience of members of such groups.

　　The assimilation of members of such groups requires the forced abandonment of their authentic national roots.

　　24. The author implies that the Puerto Rican writers who have written most about assimilation do NOT do which of the following?

　　Regard assimilation as benign.

　　Resist cultural integration.

　　Describe in detail the process of assimilation.

　　Take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case.

　　Criticize supporters of Puerto Rico s commonwealth status.

　　25. It can be inferred from the passage that the colonialist approach is so called because its practitioners

　　support Puerto Rico s commonwealth status

　　have a strong tradition of cultural accommodation

　　emphasize the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history

　　pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity in which each culture is understood as static and undifferentiated

　　regard the political relation of Puerto Rico to the United States as a significant factor in the experience of Puerto Ricans

　　26. The author regards the emphasis by island-based writers on the cultural and political dimensions of assimilation as

　　ironic

　　dangerous

　　fitting but misdirected

　　illuminating but easily misunderstood

　　peculiar but benign

　　27. The example discussed in lines 51-54 is intended by the author to illustrate a

　　strength of the sociodemographic approach

　　strength of the colonialist approach

　　weakness of the sociodemographic approach

　　weakness of the colonialist approach

　　weakness of the cultural-accommodationist approach

　　答案：17-27：DCEBDEAAECD