gre考试阅读真题解析(B)

　　Some recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.

　　The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluidthough recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressedthat to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like the better sort. Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.

　　Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. The Paxton Boys incident and the Regulator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflictwhich also existed between North and Southdeserves further investigation.

　　In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.

　　17. The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the passage to be

　　potentially verifiable

　　partially justified

　　logically contradictory

　　ingenious but flawed

　　capricious and unsupported

　　18. The author most likely refers to historians such as Beard and Becker in order to

　　isolate the two historians whose work is most representative of the viewpoints of Progressive historians

　　emphasize the need to find connections between recent historical writing and the work of earlier historians

　　make a case for the importance of the views of the Progressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American life

　　suggest that Progressive historians were the first to discover the particular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century American life mentioned in the passage

　　point out historians whose views of history anticipated some of the views of the recent historians mentioned in the passage

　　19. According to the passage, Loyalism during the American Revolutionary War served the function of

　　eliminating the disputes that existed among those colonists who supported the rebel cause

　　drawing upper, as opposed to lower, socioeconomic classes away from the rebel cause

　　tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that were not allowed to exist on the rebel side

　　channeling conflict that existed within a socioeconomic class into the war effort against the rebel cause

　　absorbing members of socioeconomic groups on the rebel side who felt themselves in contention with members of other socioeconomic groups

　　20. The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society?

　　I. It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.

　　II. It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750.

　　III. It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.

　　IV. It prevented economic disputes from arising among members of the society.

　　I and IV only

　　II and III only

　　III and IV only

　　I, II, and III only

　　I, II, III, and IV

　　21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?

　　Identifying a persons socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.

　　Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does not necessarily reveal that persons particular socioeconomic class.

　　Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.

　　Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.

　　Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although many upper-class rebels eventually joined the Loyalists.

　　22. The author suggests which of the following about the representativeness of colonial or state governments in America from 1763 to 1789?

　　The governments inadequately represented the interests of people in western regions.

　　The governments more often represented class interests than sectional interests.

　　The governments were less representative than they had been before 1763.

　　The governments were dominated by the interests of people of an upper socioeconomic class.

　　The governments of the northern colonies were less representative than were the governments of the southern colonies.

　　23. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America between 1763 and 1789?

　　These conflicts were instigated by eastern interests against western settlers.

　　These conflicts were the most serious kind of conflict in America.

　　The conflicts eventually led to openly expressed class antagonism.

　　These conflicts contained an element of class hostility.

　　These conflicts were motivated by class conflicts.

　　Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize the chemical constituents of life under primitive Earth conditions have been performed, but none of these experiments has produced anything approaching the complexity of the simplest organism. They have demonstrated, however, that a variety of the complex molecules currently making up living organisms could have been present in the early ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such molecules are synthesized far less readily when oxygen-containing compounds dominate the atmosphere. Therefore some scientists postulate that the Earths earliest atmosphere, unlike that of today, was dominated by hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.

　　From these studies, scientists have concluded that the surface of the primitive Earth was covered with oceans containing the molecules fundamental to life. Although, at present, scientists cannot explain how these relatively small molecules combined to produce larger, more complex molecules, some scientists have precipitously ventured hypotheses that attempt to explain the development, from lager molecules, of the earliest self-duplicating organisms.

　　24. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the process by which the chemical constituents of life were synthesized under primitive Earth conditions?

　　The synthesis is unlikely to occur under current atmospheric conditions.

　　The synthesis is common in modern laboratories.

　　The synthesis occurs more readily in the atmosphere than in the ocean.

　　The synthesis easily produces the most complex organic molecules.

　　The synthesis is accelerated by the presence of oxygen-containing compounds.

　　25. The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　point out that theories about how life developed on Earth have changed little since 1953

　　warn of increasing levels of hydrogen, methane, and ammonia in the Earths atmosphere

　　describe the development since 1953 of some scientists understanding of how life began on Earth

　　demonstrate that the synthesis of life in the laboratory is too difficult for modern technology

　　describe how primitive atmospheric conditions produced the complex molecules of living organisms

　　26. It can be inferred from the passage that some scientists assume which of the following concerning larger, more complex molecules ?

　　The earliest atmosphere was formed primarily of these molecules.

　　Chemical processes involving these molecules proceeded much more slowly under primitive Earth conditions.

　　The presence of these molecules would necessarily precede the existence of simple organisms.

　　Experimental techniques will never be sufficiently sophisticated to produce in the laboratory simple organisms from these chemical constituents.

　　Explanations could easily be developed to explain how simple molecules combined to form these more complex ones.

　　27. The authors reaction to the attempts that have been made to explain the development of the first self-duplication organisms can best be described as one of

　　enthusiasm

　　expectation

　　dismay

　　skepticism

　　antipathy

　　答案：17-27：BEEBBADACCD