Science and Truth
FINAGLE is not a word that most people associate with science. One reason is that the image of the scientist is of one who always data in an impartial search for truth. In any debate - intelligence, schooling, energy-the phrase science says usually disarms opposition.
But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a finagle factor-a tendency by many scientists to give a helpful change to the data to desired results. The latest of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, who has the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton. Morton was famous in his time for analysing the brain of the skulls as a measure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the largest brains, that the brains of Indians and blacks were smaller,and , that whites constitute a superior race.
Gould went back to Mortons original data and concluded that the were an example of the finagle at work. He found that Mortons discovery was made by leaving out embarrassing data, incorrect procedures, and changing his criteria - again, always in favour of his argument. Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now and scientists do not believe that brain size reflects .
But Gould went on to say Mortons story is only an example of a common problem in work. Some of the leading figures in science are to have used the finagle factor. Gould says that Isaac Newton fudged out to support at least three central statements that he could not prove. And so Laudius Ptolemy, the Greek astronomer, whose master work, Almagest, summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth as its centre. Recent indicate that Ptolemy either faked some key data or resorted heavily to the finagle factor.
All this is important because the finagle factor is still at work. For example, in the artificial sweetener controversy, for example, it is that all the studies sponsored by the sugar industry find that the artificial sweetener is unsafe, all the studies sponsored by the diet food industry find nothing wrong with it.
1 A collects B invents C misuses D enables
2 A of B over C in D with
3 A convey B destroy C modify D acquire
4 A created B written C examined D produced
5 A size B shape C tissue D cell
6 A however B then C though D therefore
7 A results B experiments C ideas D suggestions
8 A planning B making C using D searching
9 A creativity B reliability C intelligence D originality
10 A unusual B mental C scientific D manual
11 A taught B believed C tried D allowed
12 A was B had C could D did
13 A studies B events C developments D decisions
14 A feared B said C suggested D expected
15 A if B while C because D although
参考答案:
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. C
11. B 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. B
cet4英语词汇全攻略第6课
大学英语四级词汇u
2010年12月英语四级听力练习三十六
背1遍就想上考场四级单词27
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 81
听例句背四级单词10
2008年6月四级预测卷听力(星火)第3课
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 22
CET4淘金式英语词汇(四级)第1课
2008年6月四级预测卷听力(星火)第10课
背1遍就想上考场四级单词26
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 52
大学英语四级考试(CET4)历年真题听力2006年12月大学英语四级真题听力
大学英语四级词汇q
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 45
闭着眼睛飘单词四级acute-ancient
新四级听力听写练习第四单元lesson18
2008年6月四级预测卷听力(星火)第6课
蒋健棠一词多意lesson5
大学英语四级考试(CET4)历年真题听力2010年12月英语四级真题听力
2008年6月四级预测卷听力(星火)第2课
闭着眼睛飘单词四级notion- occupation
2009年12月英语四级备考复习作文篇: 句式的问题(2)
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 47
新东方四级词汇·词根+联想记忆法词根+联想记忆法 List 10
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 33
新东方四级词汇·词根+联想记忆法词根+联想记忆法 List 18
大学英语四级词汇c
赵丽教你巧记英语单词LESSON 51
大学英语四级词汇w
不限 |
英语教案 |
英语课件 |
英语试题 |
不限 |
不限 |
上册 |
下册 |
不限 |