The fast-growing economy has had one unintended consequence: Scientists must pay more if they want to get published in international journals, which no longer consider China a low-income country.
For example, US online publication PLoS One charges Chinese researchers as much as $1,350 per article, a standard fee for contributors from the United States and Europe.
In comparison, it charges nothing for papers submitted from low-income countries such as Afghanistan, Cambodia and Ethiopia, while charging $500 for lower-middle-income countries such as India, Cuba and Egypt, in accordance with a country's per capita GDP and investment in science and technology.
Many other international journals do not recognize China as a developing economy.
Li Jing, a Chinese researcher working in Finland, used his blog to call on Chinese scientists to boycott PLoS One - and more than 60 scientists signed up to protest the fees.
However, the nation's scientists believe the ultimate solution lies closer to home.
Wu Yishan, deputy director of the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, said: "Although China produced 168,000 sci-tech papers in 2017 - the second highest number in the world - the vast majority of these papers are published in foreign journals, because our domestic sci-tech publications are far less influential than foreign publications. There are several excellent journals in China, but the number is too small. Most first-class papers go to foreign journals, because the author wants the recognition of the international science community," Wu said.
"China needs better science journals to provide a better platform for our own scientists."
The institute, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, is designed to provide decision-making support to government agencies and keep the science and technology community up to date.
In 2000, only 47 of China's sci-tech publications were included in the Science Citation Index published by Thomson Reuters, which covers the world's most notable and significant journals across 100 disciplines.
By 2011, the number had increased to 155, accounting for 1.9 percent of all SCI journals.
Journals: Rapid increase in sci-tech papers
At the same time, the number of China's sci-tech papers increased. Between 2001 and 2011, Chinese scientists published 836,300 international papers. In 2010 alone, they authored 121,500 international papers.
"This number is still too small compared with the total output of papers in China," Wu said.
As of 2011, only 20 percent of China's SCI papers were published in domestic journals. The rest went to foreign journals.
Wu said the most obvious reason for China's sci-tech journals lagging behind is language.
"In the United Nations, you may have different working languages, but in the international science community, English is the de facto working language," he said.
Out of more than 5,000 domestic sci-tech journals in China, about 200 are published in English.
"The percentage of China's journals in English is far lower than that of Poland, Hungary, the Republic of Korea and Japan, and many other countries," Wu said.
Nevertheless, Wu blames too much government intervention for hampering the development of science journals.
"In recent years, very few sci-tech journals were approved, sometimes fewer than 10 a year, due to strict scrutiny by the General Administration of Press and Publication.
"If it (the administration) just stops restraining the total number of journals, ... good sci-tech journals will survive in a competitive market and bad journals will be eliminated."
Wu also said most of China's sci-tech journals are run by inexperienced managers.
"Some world-famous publishers have 30 percent profit margins, but most of China's academic journals hardly make money," Wu said.
4月19日,财政部发布公告,2006-2011年,全国财政科技累计支出18625.7亿元,年均增幅23.76%,明显高于财政经常性收入增幅。财政科技支出带动全社会研发投入快速增加,2017年预计超过1万亿元,约占GDP的1.97%。
然而,中国科技投入的大幅提升却带来了一个意想不到的“副作用”:一些国际期刊纷纷对来自中国的投稿收取高额版面费。
国际学术期刊《公共科学图书馆·综合》(PLoS One)就是其中之一。PLoS One按照三类标准收费。第一类是针对贫困国家和地区如阿富汗、巴勒斯坦等这样的国家和地区,实行免费政策。第二类是针对印度、牙买加、古巴、埃及等中下等收入的国家和地区,收取500美元的版面费。第三类是针对中上等和高收入的国家地区,按每篇1350美元的标准收费,而中国就被纳入到第三类。今年1月,中国学者李竞在博客上撰文抨击该收费标准,并号召国内科技界抵制PLoS One。超过60名专家学者签名同意抵制。
然而,“降低对中国作者收费”的呼吁并未得到正式回应。中国科学家们转而反思,我们为什么要长期受制于人?为什么中国就不能办好自己的科技期刊呢?带着这些问题,中国日报专访了中国科学技术信息研究所的副所长武夷山,为读者揭开中国科技期刊艰难发展的幕后故事。
仅2017年,中国科学家共发表科技论文16.8万篇,数量居全球第二。然而,这些论文却大多数都发表在国外期刊上。
对此现象,中国科学技术信息研究所的副所长武夷山解释说,“科学研究是国际性的。每一位学者,当他有了一项研究成果,自然希望全世界的同行都知道,所以他就要选一个最好的平台来展示。这就好像,如果我是一名电视剧的制片人,我是要把我的电视剧卖给影响力较大的中央电视台还是影响力较小的地方电视台?那么我肯定会选择影响力大的。”
经过多年发展,中国已经拥有了一些高水平的科技期刊,但是绝对数量仍然过少。根据中国科学技术信息研究所的统计,2000年时中国仅有47种期刊被SCI收录,占全世界的0.826%。到了2011年,这一数字已经增加到155种,也仅占全世界的1.859%。
另一个数据也可以说明问题:在2011年,中国科学家发表的SCI论文中,高达80%都发在国外的刊物上。
“尽管从SCI收录数量和占总量比例上说,我国的科技期刊都取得了一定的发展,但相对于我们的论文产出,我国期刊被SCI收录数量仍然太少。所以我们的论文基本都是发在别人的期刊上面了,”武夷山说。他说,科技学术期刊是一个国家科技事业的重要组成部分,中科院前院长卢嘉锡院士1985年4月20日曾题词说,“对科研工作来讲,科技期刊工作既是龙尾,又是龙头”。“龙头”是指,在科研人员开始做一项学术研究之前,首先就需要查期刊文献,了解以往已经完成的研究工作;而“龙尾”则是指在完成研究以后在科技期刊上发表论文,与同行共享成果。
此外,科技学术期刊也是文化产业的重要组成部分。部分国际期刊的出版商利用科技期刊赚取很高的利润,而反观中国,“能够盈利的科技期刊却寥寥无几”,武夷山说。
“根本的出路,就是办好自己的期刊。现在别人不认可你,没关系。等我们的期刊办好了,别人认可了,外国人都来投稿,那么自然就有更多的学者选择投给国内期刊了,”武夷山说。
那么,究竟是什么原因,使得中国科技期刊的发展停滞不前呢?
语言是一个首当其冲的问题。
“在联合国我们可能有不同的工作语言,但是在国际科学界,英语就是唯一的事实上的工作语言,”武夷山说。
然而,中国的英文科技期刊总体数量和比例都偏少。据武夷山介绍,目前中国仅有200余种英文科技期刊,在全国共5000多种科技期刊中占的比例也远远小于波兰、匈牙利、韩国、日本等很多国家。
“除了语言以外,管理也是很大的问题,”武夷山告诉记者。
目前,包括科技期刊在内的刊物都必须获得资讯出版总署批准的刊号,否则就属于非法出版物,一经查出,予以取缔。
“近几年,每年批准的新刊都很少,有时甚至不到10种,”武夷山说。与期刊的缓慢增长相比,中国的科技论文产量节节攀升:从2001年到2011年,中国的国际科技论文产量达83.63万篇。仅2010年,以中国作者为第一作者的国际科技论文就有12.15万篇。
“有的人想办期刊,有热情、有能力,但就是申请不下来刊号。甚至有些人‘曲线救国’,去香港办刊,等自己的刊物被SCI收录后再希望资讯出版总署“追认”一个正式刊号,以取得名正言顺的合法地位,这种情况也是有的,”武夷山说。
然而,收紧科技期刊刊号并没法控制那些已有刊号的期刊的质量。相反,由于刊号已经成了“稀缺资源”,即使经营再差的期刊也不愿停办而失去刊号。
“刊号太宝贵了!办得不好的期刊,他们可以把刊号承包出去嘛,一样可以赚钱,”武夷山说。
今年两会期间,全国人大代表、资讯出版总署署长柳斌杰在接受了新华社记者专访时也承认,“…而任何单位宁可赔钱,也不会放弃刊号这个稀缺资源。”在他看来,解决问题的主要思路就是:打破单位部门所有制的局限,拿出一批刊号在市场流通,政府管理部门不再审批报刊,而是审批谁有资格来购买,让资源也流动起来。
然而,武夷山并不赞同这种控制科技期刊刊号总数量的做法。“如果放开科技期刊的刊号,不好的科技期刊自然就会死掉。如果不放开,办得再不好的科技期刊,也会因为有人承包而苟延残喘,”他说。
另一方面,由于期刊的主管单位都是国家机关,造成了期刊管理部门想裁撤不合格的期刊时畏首畏尾,这也是不合格的科技期刊得以生存的原因之一,武夷山说。
“中国必须要办好自己的科技期刊,才能争夺科学发现的优先权,”武夷山说,“有些科研人员也曾遇到这样的情况,就是投到国外期刊的稿子被一再拖延或拒绝,但不久之后就发现国外的同行在同样的期刊上发表了类似的成果。”
武夷山认为,要发展好中国自己的期刊,主管部门的管理方式,期刊的商业经营模式,和科学家的思想认识上,都需要逐步改进。
“我们中国的科学家也要正确地看待自己的实力,既不能妄自尊大,也不能妄自菲薄。要通过积极投稿、审稿、订购等方式支持国内刊物的发展,这一点不能靠规定,只能等待我国科技期刊质量的逐步提高和人们认识的逐步转变。”
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