重庆市2014高考英语阅读理解一轮（精品）训练题（3）附答案
English as a Foreign Language
Who taught you to speak English? Your parents, while you were a young child? Your teachers at school? Perhaps even the BBC as a grown-up. Whoever it was, somehow you have developed an understanding of what is rapidly becoming a truly global language.
There are now about 376 million people who speak English as their first language, and about the same number who have learnt it in addition to their mother tongue. There are said to be one billion people learning English now and about 80% of the information on the Internet is in English.
Is this a good thing, or a bad thing? Should we celebrate the fact that more and more of us can communicate, using a common language, across countries and cultures（文化）？Or should we worry about the dangers of ‘mono-culturalism’, a world in which we all speak the same language, eat the same food and listen to the same music?
Does it matter if an increasing number of people speak the same language? On the contrary（相反），I would have thought－although I have never accepted the argument that if only we all understood each other better, there would be fewer wars. Ask the people of India（where many of them speak at least some English）and Pakistan（the same situation with India）…
If we all speak English, will we then all start eating McDonalds burgers? Surely not. If English becomes more dominant（占主导地位的）, it will kill other languages ? I doubt it. When I travel in Africa or Asia, I am always surprised by how many people can speak not only their own language but often one or more other related languages, as well as English and perhaps some French or German as well.
When we discussed this on Talking Point a couple of years ago, we received a wonderfully poetic email from a listener in Ireland. “The English language is a beautiful language. Maybe it’s like a rose, ”he said. “But who would ever want their garden just full of rose? ”
Well, I love roses, and I think they make a beautiful addition to any garden. But the way I see it, just by planting a few roses, you don’t necessarily need to pull out everything else. If more and more people want to plant English roses, that’s fine by me.
58. By saying “Ask the people of India…and Pakistan”（in Paragraph 4）, the author is trying to show that _____.
A. speaking the same language doesn’t necessarily bring peace
B. wars can destroy the relationship between two countries
C. English doesn’t kill other languages
D. English is widely used in the world
59. What does “garden” in the last two paragraphs stand for?
A. Language
B. Family
C. The world
D. The Earth
60. The author would probably agree that ______.
A. it’s very hard to plant many kinds of flowers in a garden
B. it’s good for people from other countries to learn English
C. more and more people like to plant roses in their gardens
D. English is easier to learn than other languages
61. This passage is mainly about ________.
A. why English has become a global language
B. how many people in the world speak English
C. how people in the world learn English as a foreign language
D. whether we need to worry about English being a world language
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(2011·南京二模，D)
In 1890 William James, the American philosopher and physician and one of the founders of modern psychology, defined psychology as “the science of mental life” and this definition provides a good starting point for our understanding even today. We all have a mental life and therefore have some idea about what this means, even though it can be studied in rats or monkeys as well as in people and the concept remains difficult to understand.
Like most psychologists, William James was particularly interested in human psychology，which he thought consisted of certain basic elements: thoughts and feelings, a physical world which exists in time and space，and a way of knowing about these things. For each of us, this knowledge is primarily personal and private. It comes from our own thoughts ，feelings and experience of the world, and may or may not be influenced by scientific facts about things. For this reason, it is easy for us to make judgements about psychological matters using our own experience as a standard. We behave as amateur psychologists when we offer opinions on complex psychological phenomena. However, problems arise when two people understand these things differently. Formal psychology attempts to provide methods for deciding which explanations are most likely to be correct, or for determining the circumstances under which each applies. The work of psychologists helps us distinguish between inside information，which is subjective, and may be prejudiced and unreliable, and the facts：between our predictions and what is“true” in scientific terms.
Psychology, as defined by William James, is about the mind or brain, but although psychologists do study the brain, we do not understand nearly enough about its workings to be able to comprehend the part that it plays in the experience and expression of our hopes, fears, and wishes，or in our behaviour during experiences as varied as giving birth or watching a football match. Indeed, it is rarely possible to study the brain directly. So, psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour, and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses(假设) about what is going on inside us.
本文主要讲述的是对心理学这一概念的定义和理解。
13．The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
A. the founder of modern psychology B. the definition of psychology
C. the complexity of psychology D. the influence of psychology
答案：B。主旨大意题。由首段首句中的“...defined psychology as‘the science of mental life’．..”和尾句中的“the concept remains difficult to understand”可知本段主要说的是心理学的定义，故选B。
14．From Paragraph 2, we can know that problems arise because ________.
A. of the difference between inside information and the facts
B. of different thoughts and feelings about psychology
C. people usually make judgements based on their own ideas
D. amateur psychologists cannot use scientific terms
答案：C。事实细节题。总览第2段中的内容可知，问题的出现是由于人们通常是基于自己的想法作出判断，因而会见仁见智，故选C。
15．According to the passage, psychologists study the brain mainly________.
A. in a direct way B. with their own experience
C. by observing how it works
D. by watching people's behaviour
答案：D。事实细节题。由第3段尾句“So，psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour，and by using their observations to obtain hypotheses about what is going on inside us.”可知D项正确。
16．Which of the following can be the first sentence in the fourth paragraph?
A. Psychology is also about the ways people use their mental abilities to operate in the world around them.
B. William James is considered to be the greatest psychologist in the 1890s.
C. Psychology suggests that living beings adapt to a changing environment so that they
can survive.
D. It is important for psychologists，as well as ordinary people，to be aware of the reasons.
答案：A。推理判断题。从语篇结构可知，第1段引出心理学的概念，第2段谈论心理学的构成要素以及就同一问题产生歧义的原因，第3段说的是研究心理学的方法是研究人的行为，按行文逻辑推理第4段应该是谈论心理学也是关于人们把脑力应用到他们周围的世界的方式。故选A。
(2011·江西九校联考，E)
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbors，even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr，who wrote that widowers(鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man's life and two to a woman's. The effect holds for all causes of death，whether illness, accident or selfharm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn't smoke. There's a flip_side，however，as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse's death，and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30year study of more than 10,000 people，Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
So how does it work? The effects are complex，affected by socioeconomic factors，healthservice provision ，emotional support and other more physiological (生理的)mechanisms. For example，social contact can boost development of the brain and immune system，leading to better, health and less chance of depression later in life. People in supportive relationships may handle stress better. Then there are the psychological benefits of a supportive partner.
A life partner，children and good friends are all recommended if you aim to live to 100. The ultimate social network is still being mapped out, but Christakis says：“People are interconnected，so their health is interconnected.”
善于交际和拥有良好的婚姻关系和社会关系网络是长寿的良方。
17．Linda Waite's studies support the idea that ________.
A. older men should quit smoking to stay healthy
B. marriage can help make up for ill health
C. the married are happier than the unmarried
D. unmarried people are likely to suffer in later life
答案：B。事实细节题。由第2段第2、3句“Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart disease can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewise, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn't smoke.”可知答案。18．It can be inferred from the context that the “flip side” (Line 5, Para. 2) refers to ________.
A. the disadvantages of being married
B. the emotional problems arising from marriage
C. the responsibility of taking care of one's family
D. the consequence of a broken marriage
答案：A。推理判断题。由第2段后半部分的“as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spouse's death, and caring for a spouse with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same severe problems.” 可推断出说的是婚姻的副作用，故答案为A。
19．What does the author say about social networks?
A. They have effects similar to those of a marriage.
B. They help develop people's community spirit.
C. They provide timely support for those in need.
D. They help relieve people of their life's burdens.
答案：A。推理判断题。由尾段内容可推知A项正确。
20．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. It's important that we develop a social network when young.
B. To stay healthy，one should have a proper social network.
C. Getting a divorce means risking a reduced life span.
D. We should share our social networks with each other.
答案：B。推理判断题。由尾段尾句“People are interconnected, so their health is interconnected.(人们是相互关联的，健康也是如此)”可推断出B项正确。(2011·厦门适应性考试，E)
The Nez Perce Indians are a tribe that lived in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. At the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition(远征队), which was one of the first journeys by Americans from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast and back again, the Nez Perce territory(领土) covered about 17 million acres, covering parts of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. But that was a brief sweet history.
In September 1805, when Lewis and Clark came off the Rockies on their westward journey, the entire exploring party was hungry and ill—too weak to defend themselves. Had the Nez Perce chosen to attack them, they could have put an end to the Lewis and Clark expedition there on the banks of Clearwater River. Instead the Nez Perce welcomed the white Americans and looked after them until they made a full recovery.
Thus began a long friendship between the Nez Perce and white Americans. But white men's greed for land and gold finally broke the friendship.
In 1855 Governor Isaac Stevens of Washington Territory invited the Nez Perce to a peace conference. He said there were a great many white people in the country, and many more would come. But the chief of the tribe at that time, Old Joseph, replied, “Take away your paper. I will not touch it with my hand.”
Things were quiet for a while after that, but not for long. When Old Joseph died, the chiefship was passed onto Young Joseph. In the late 1870s, government officials came to order the Nez Perce to leave the Wallowa Valley and then began hard battles between the Nez Perce and the white soldiers. After the tribe had fought thirteen battles and moved 1,600 miles towards Canada in an attempt to retreat (撤退) north, Young Joseph, gave in to the United States Army. Here was his famous statement, “Hear me my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”
In 1885, Chief Joseph was sent along with many of his band to the Colville Reservation in Washington where Joseph continued to lead his band for another 25 years, at times coming into conflict with the leaders of 11 other tribes living on the reservation.
本文讲述了印第安部落The Nez Perce与白人的恩怨。
16. What is TRUE of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
A. They were well cared for by the Nez Perce.
B. They ended their expedition on the banks of Clearwater River.
C. They started the first battle with the Nez Perce.
D. They were the first Americans to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
答案：A。推理判断题。由第二段第三句话“Instead the Nez Perce welcomed the white Americans and looked after them until they made a full recovery. ”可知，the Nez Perce照顾探险队直到他们完全康复，因此A项正确；第二段第二句话“Had the Nez Perce chosen to attack them, they could have put an end to the Lewis and Clark expedition there on the banks of Clearwater River.”是虚拟语气，是假设，所以B项错误；C项错误，文中找不到根据；由第一段第二句话“...which was one of the first journeys by Americans from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast and back again...”可知，D项错误，是最早之一而不是第一次。
17. What ended the friendship between the Nez Perce and the Whites?
A. Old Joseph's proud manner.
B. The breakdown of the peace talk.
C. A growing number of white men in the land.
D. White men's increasing demand for land and gold.
答案：D。细节理解题。由第三段第二句话“But white men's greed for land and gold finally broke the friendship.”可知，白人的贪婪破坏了他们的友谊。
18．Young Joseph gave in at last because ________.
A. he grew older B. he was terribly ill
C. he hated the war D. he lost other chiefs' support
答案：C。推理判断题。由第五段最后Joseph说的话可知，他对战争厌倦了。
19. Which map most probably shows the path the Nez Perce took in the late 1870s?
答案：A。识图理解题。由第一段第一句话“The Nez Perce Indians are a tribe that lived in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.”和第五段“After the tribe had fought thirteen battles and moved 1,600 miles towards Canada in an attempt to retreat (撤退) north”可知，The Nez Perce Indians是从美国西北部向北朝加拿大方向撤退，因此A图正确。
20. The passage might be followed by a paragraph about ________.
A. the customs and traditions of the Nez Perce Indians
B. the last years of Chief Joseph in the Colville Reservation
C. lasting fights between the Nez Perce and the whites
D. constant conflicts between the Nez Perce and other tribes
解析：B。推理判断题。文章后三段讲的是部落首领Joseph，因此接下来会讲他在保留地里的最后的生活。
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