短文写作的成绩评定首先看内容是否切题, 是否符合题意的要求, 然后看语言表达是否清楚、连贯、正确。具体标准如下:
15~13分: 内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容; 表达清楚, 文字连贯; 句式有变化, 句子结构和用词正确。
12~10分: 内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容; 表达基本清楚, 文字基本连贯; 句式有一定变化, 句子结构和用词无重大错误。
9~7分: 内容切题, 基本包括提纲的要点; 表达基本清楚, 句子结构和用词有少量错误。
6~4分: 内容基本切题, 语句可以理解, 但有较多句子结构和用词错误。
3~1分: 基本按题意写作, 但只有少数句子可以理解。
0分: 文不切题, 语句混乱, 无法理解。
长度计分标准:
91~100词: 扣1分
81~90词: 扣2.5分
71~80词: 扣4分
61~70词: 扣6分
60词以下: 扣8分
在前面我们已经提到了得分在15~13分之间的作文的标准, 下面我们再结合实例详细加以论述。
一、内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容
自1991年研究生入学考试增加作文的考试项目以来, 每次作文都要求考生根据所提供的写作提纲完成一篇短文, 因此, 评分标准的第一项即要求内容切题, 包括提纲的全部内容, 实际上对于任何命题性作文来说, 内容切题都是一项最基本的要求。那么该如何达到这一要求呢? 我们认为考生应该从以下几个方面入手:
(1) 认真审题。根据题目类别, 弄清文体的要求, 并判明文章的种类( 议论文、说明文、记叙文), 同时确定文章要阐明的主题或要表达的中心思想, 若题目已经给提供了提纲, 还要注意弄清各提纲要点之间的逻辑关系。考生在拿到作文题后切勿唯恐时间不够, 提笔就写。 一旦写的内容偏离了题目的要求, 等到发现了再改就来不及了。我们平常所说的“磨刀不误砍柴功”就是这个道理。
(2) 注意安排设计段落。根据文章的中心思想, 确定各个段落的主题内容和主题句。如果是议论文, 一般要从论点的正反两个方面来考虑, 首先是某观点的合理成分或者某物的长处, 然后是该观点的不合理成分或者该物的短处, 最后阐明自己的观点。如果题目给提供了提纲, 只要把提纲扩展成主题句即可。
(3) 切忌将记忆里比较熟悉的句子生拉硬扯地弄进作文, 使作文结构松散, 意思不明确, 甚至会偏离主题。
二、表达清楚, 文字连贯
文章要做到表达清楚, 文字连贯, 文章各段落就必须根据提纲所确立的不同主题句来展开, 而且各段落的主题句将段落的各个部分凝聚在一起, 流利地表现出段落所要表现的思想, 使读者能够轻松地理解段落中各部分以及段落之间的联系。下面, 我们来看一篇93年考题的范文:
Advertisement on TV
Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. Every evening a series of advertisements come immediately after the News Program is over, informing TV viewers of the many different sorts of up-to-date products on the market. Besides, it often happens that while you are absorbed in a wonderful film on TV, endless ads interrupt you from time to time and make you quite annoyed.
There are two reasons, I think, for the growing number of ads on TV. First, in a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. They solve this problem by advertising. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince consumers that its product is special. Second, most consumers are interested in ads. They wish to get from TV ads the first-hand information about new products, which enables them to choose the one that they like best. As a result, there is a sharp increase in ads on the TV screen.
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