议论文的写作方法
1. 生活化细节联想法
针对大多数相对抽象不好下手的作文题目,我们可以先把作文题同自身联系到一起,把抽象、概括的作文题细化到自己身边,先打开一个突破口,再顺藤摸瓜,进行发散式联想。请看例子:
What are your opinions about the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?
题目的主体是快餐,方向为利弊处。先不要考虑快餐是好是坏,而应该先考虑你身边的、你知道的快餐究竟有哪些,这些快餐给你或你的家人带来了哪些影响。请看一位同学记录下来的思路。请注意其跳跃性。
① 遍地都是麦当劳、肯德基、永和豆浆、馄饨、油条。
② 每次老爸不在家时,我吃鸡腿汉堡,快,省事、省时间。不用买菜,切菜,做菜,蒸饭,洗碗,擦桌子。
不过还是老爸做的饭好吃,吃麦当劳吃不饱。为什么呢?油少,没营养!
③ 永和24小时,但东西贼贵,晚上避风的好地方,粥还行,油条,烂!
④ 麦当劳小孩多,因为玩具多,电视上有很多他们的广告,小孩又哭又笑,学鸡叫的那个广告特傻,儿童乐园。
⑤ 还是太贵。在美国,垃圾食品,到了中国,特火!洋货?老爸不爱吃汉堡,因有奶酪。不符合中国人的口味,农民就不喜欢,中国有8亿农民
大家不妨问问自己两个问题:
上面的东西不够写120字吗?
上面的东西用英文表达难吗?
答案是否定的。试想,有了这个思路,无论怎么写,从哪一个方面写,我们都不缺观点和支持观点的细节性论据。
写下你对下列题目在生活中的联想(中英文混写)
1) Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
2) the Influence of the Internet
2. 逆向思维联想法
有一些题目从正面不好罗列素材,总结观点,我们可以从命题的对立面去思考问题,这样往往可以达到意想不到的收获。如果问题是一个东西有什么样的好处,也许这个东西是日常生活中常见的东西,我们早已对其失去了敏感,这个时候不妨想一想如果失去了这个东西,我们的生活会受到哪些影响。试举一例:
In 1995, an Englishman killed a burglar who broke into his house. He was sentenced. Do you think he should be sentenced? How can we protect our property?
文章的关键在于How can we protect our properties?(我们如何保护自己的财产?)对于大多数同学来讲,对财产的概念还不清楚,谈何保护措施?于是,从反面破题,从我们周围的盗窃想起,请看一位同学的草稿:
① 前两天,丢了钱包,bus上,小偷走了,才有人告诉我,社会公德真有问题。
② 学校的7台电脑CPU丢了,小偷从窗户爬进去的。学校3年都不修,宿舍经常丢鞋、丢衣服。
③ 家里与房地产开发公司打官司,合同有问题。
④ 警察现在都不管事,出了问题才来,没出问题,懒得理你,防患于未然。
有了上面的几个问题,综合分析保护个人财产的措施也就不难得出了,个人、单位、社会、国家都应采取相应的措施,而论证过程可以从草稿中总结说理,也可以按照草稿上的思路举反例论证。
总之,在拓展思维时,一定要避免定向的、大而空的思维模式,应尽量把作文题目大处化小,小处化细,细处才可见真情。
从事物的反面考虑下列题目,写下浮现在你脑海中的词句:
1) Advantages of a Harmonious Family
2) The importance of fresh drinking water
范文参考:
Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health. Cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce ones life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adults sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs ones digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places.
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