Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Daylight Saving Time
How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?
[A] Benjamin Franklinof early to bed and early to rise famewas apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Paris, Franklin wrote of being
awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine
the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.
[B] It wasnt until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918for the states that chose to observe it.
[C ] During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory^ 强制的)for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.
Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Suck?
[D ] In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesnt actually save energyand might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark morningswiping out the evening gains. Thats because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning, the University of Washingtons Wolff said.
[ E] But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nations enormous total energy use.
[F] Whats more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving timeperhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.
[G] But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability and shouldnt be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings, energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesnt have as much air conditioning, he said. But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving.
Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?
[ H] For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestylesa claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. In a nationwide American time-use study, were clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension in
the spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to
the park are substantially increased, Wolff said. Thats remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same.
[I] But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich ,Germany, said his studies show that our circadian body clocksset by light and darknessnever adjust to gaining an extra hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.
[J ] One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically overtired, he said, is that they suffer from social jet lag. In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods dont accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. Light doesnt do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock.
[K] Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms, One expert told National Geographic News via email.
Daylight Savings! Lovers and Haters
[L] With verdicts on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movementpart of 10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissionsargues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usualadding two hours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime .com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims unproven.
[M] National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer. Most people just dont think the time change is worth the hassle . Forty-seven percent agreed with that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive.
46. Daylight savings，energy gains might be various due to different climates.
47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.
48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.
49. Germany took the lead to save wartime resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificial lighting.
50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.
51. Social jet lag can partly account for peoples chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.
52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.
53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to peoples health.
54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.
55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.
46. [F]。题干意为，夏令时带来的能源收益可能会因为不同的气候而有差异。注意抓住题干中的关键词 daylight savings energy gains, various和different climates。文章段落中，提到能源节约量与天气有关的内容 在[F]段出现，该段前两句提到，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏 令时中获益最大的可能是因为那里的气候相对溫和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。由此可知，题干对原 文进行了概括和同义改写，故答案为[F]。
47. [K]。题干意为，睡眠障碍和生物节律紊乱可能是春季时间变化后心脏病发病率上升的最佳解释。注意抓 住题干中的关键词 disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms, explanation和higher heart attack risks。 文章段落中，提及睡眠障碍和生物节律紊乱以及心脏病发病率上升的内容在[K]段出现，该段第二句提 到，2008年的一项研究总结道，至少在瑞典，在春季时间变化后不久，心脏病发病率就上升了接着第 三句引用了一位专家的话：根据我们的调查结果，最合理的解释是睡眠障碍及生物节奏紊乱。由此可 知，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[K]。
48. [D]。题干意为，一项研究表明，尽管实行夏令时能减少夜间照明及电量消耗，但却因为增加了晨间的用 电量而可能无法节约能源。注意抓住题干中的关键词increasing energy use in the dark mornings和reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening。文章段落中，提到了增加晨间的用电量和减少夜间照明及
电量消耗的是[D]段，该段第三句提Sij,研究人员发现这种做法减少了夜间照明及电量消耗，但是却增加 了晨间的用电量，因为现在早晨很昏暗这就抵消了夜间节约的能源。由此可知，题干对原文进行了同 义改写，故答案为[D]。
49. [B]。题干意为，德国率先通过采取时间变化和减少人工照明来节约战时资源。注意抓住题干中的关键词 Germany, the time change s和artificial lighting。文章段落中，有关德国的内容在[B ]段出现，该段第二句提 到，德国是第一个采取时间变化以减少人工照明从而为战事节约煤炭资源的国家。由此可知，题干是对原 文的同义转述，故答案为[B]。
50. [I]。题干意为，一位大学教授研究了夏令时的作用并警示人们其带来的消极影响。注意抓住题干中的关键 词a university professor和sounded the alarm of its negative effects。文章段落中，提及夏令时会带来负面影响 的内容在[I]段出现，该段首句指出，但是其他人却警告人们夏令时所带来的负面影响。德国慕尼黑一所大 学的教授蒂尔伦内伯格说，他的研究显示，我们的生物钟是根据白天和黑夜确定的，永远都适应不了夏 令时期间白天快结束时所多出的那额外一小时的日光。由此可知，题干是对原文的概述，故答案为[I]。
51. [J]。题干意为，社会时差是发达国家的人们患长期疲劳综合征的部分原因。注意抓住题干中的关键词 social jet lag和chronic fatigue syndrome。文章段落中，提到社会时差和人们长期疲劳的内容在[J]段出现， 该段第一句提到，发达国家中的很多人长期感觉过度劳累，原因之一就是，他们遭受社会时差的折磨。 由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[J]。
52. [E]。题干意为，美国一项研究的数据表明实行夏令时能在全国范围内节约很多能源。注意抓住题干中的 关键词figure, save a lot of energy和nationally。文章段落中，提到整个国家节能总量大的内容在[E]段出现， 该段最后两句提到，这个数字意味着，夏令时使美国年耗电量降低了0.03%，也使整体能耗减少了0.02%。 尽管这些百分比看起来很小，但是，由于国家总能耗量很庞大，它们所代表的节能量还是很大的。由此可 知，题干是对原文的同义改写，故答案为[E]。
53. [H]。题干意为，夏令时的支持者长期以来认为夏令时对人们的健康有好处。注意抓住题干中的关键词 supporters of daylight savings和do good to peoples health。文章段落中，提及夏令时支持者以及夏令时与人 类健康的关系的内容在[H]段出现，该段第一句提到，几十年来，夏令时的倡导者一直宣称，不管夏令时 能否节约能源，它都有利于健康，因为它倡导的是积极的生活方式。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转 述，故答案为[H]。
54. [L]。题干意为，倡导降低碳排放量的一个组织发起了晚亮灯运动以支持一种极端的日光节约时制。注 意抓住题干中的关键词 a group advocating cutting carbon emissions, Lighter Later movement 和 a kind of extreme daylight savings。文章段落中，提及晚亮灯运动的内容在[L]段出现，该段第二句提到，在英国， 晚亮灯运动作为10:10开展的运动的一部分提倡一种极端的日 光节约时制。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[L]。
55. [G]。题干意为，协助撰写联邦报告的一位学者表示，能源的节约量与所处的地理位置有关。注意抓住题 干中的关键词a scholar contributing to a federal report和geographic position。文章段落中，提及能源节约量和 地理位置的关系的内容在[G]段出现，该段第二句提到，沃尔夫表示，夏令时给美国带来的能源收益主要 取决于某个地区与梅森一狄克森线的相对位置。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故答案为[G]。
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