英语讲义【137】词语的搭配

　　不管是从句法或修辞角度看，词语的搭配，都占据重要的位置，不可不察。

　　一般上说，下列这些场合中的词语要配合好，句子的结构才会和谐，词语才会相称：

　　① 主语动词

　　② 动词宾语

　　③ 修饰语词类

　　④ 形容词名词

　　⑤ 副词动词

　　⑥ 形容词分句先行词

　　词语的搭配，对学习中英文的人来说尤其重要，因为中英文在词语的搭配上有同有异。例如英语同一个动词wear，可以和不同的名词宾语搭配，如：WEAR+shoes/ clothes/ spectacles等。中文就不行；中文的穿只能和衣鞋连用，眼镜就要改为戴了。

　　再举cut为例。英语里可以说CUT+ grass/ finger-nails/ a tooth/ prices/ a stone figure/ a record。在中文里cut（割）只能和草连用；其他的名词宾语，就需要别的动词，如：剪指甲、出牙齿、减价、雕刻石像、灌录唱片。

　　同样道理，中文里同一个动词，英语里却需要不同动词，如：

　　风萧萧、雨萧萧、马萧萧、树萧萧the wind whistled, the rain pattered, the horse neighed, the tree murmured.

　　在英语的错误中，词语的搭配不是严重的一类，但也时有出现。例如①a里的动词harmed和主语houses不合；②里的宾语knowledge及experience和动词exercise格格不入；③a里的修饰语upset和被修饰的名词eyes很不相称。把它们改为①b、②b和③b之后，词语间的搭配就很舒畅了：

　　①a. Many houses in the low-lying area were harmed by the floods.

　　　b. Many houses in the low-lying area were damaged by the floods.

　　②a. This will give you an opportunity to exercise your knowledge and experience.

　　　b. This will give you an opportunity to use/ make use of your knowledge and experience.

　　③a. Upset by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

　　　b. Irritated by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

　　现在请看看下列各句中都有个不相称的词语，改正后，才顺口：

　　④ The authorities preferred to educate dog owners rather than jeopardise them for every little transgression. （penalise/punish）

　　⑤ Anyone charged with skyrocketing a political regime will be severely dealt with. （dismantling/disintegrating）

　　⑥ Weapons easily become slipshod and the need to acquire new arms can be very ruinous to national coffers. （obsolete/outmoded）

　　⑦ Good health is especically vital to old people who are prone to anticipatory diseases. （degenerative）

　　⑧ Some people are sanguine about the situation and think that the scandal would soon blow over without severe misery of the present political system. （dislocation/dysfunction）