略谈英语书信的写作
书信是人们在日常生活中经常使用的交流方式,也是英语考试中书面表达常考的文体。由于中西方在文化和习惯上的差异,英语书信在写作格式及表达方式上与汉语有着很大的区别,同时由于书写体还结合了其他的文体,故在写作书信时不仅要考虑书信体的格式和表达方式,同时还应了解其他文体的写作特点。
1. 书信的格式与常见的表达方式
书信包含六个部分:信头、信内地址、称呼语、正文、结束语和签名。
在英语中,信头一般写在信纸的右上角,包括发信人的地址和日期,地址要按从小到大的顺序书写,日期应写在地址的下面一行,日期的写法有两种:月 + 日 + 年或日 + 月 + 年。
信内地址包括收信人的名称和地址,它的位置在信纸的左角,即称呼语之上。但应注意,如果是个人书信或非正式书信,写信人的单位名称、通讯地址都可以省略。
称呼语从顶格写起,经常用 Dear + Mr (Mrs or Miss) 称呼他人。
正文就是一封信通常谈的内容,开头常见的表达方式有:
Thank you for your letter of
Your letter of has reached me.
I'm writing to tell you that
How are you getting along with
I was so glad to hear from you at last and to learn that you are well
书信结尾常用的一些表达方式有:
Please write tome as often as you can.
I'm looking forward to your immediate answer.
Best wishes / regards!
Good luck!
Wish you success!
Give my best wishes to
Looking forward to your reply!
I shall be looking forward to hearing from you.
Do write to us when you have time
结束语一般在信的下方,如 Sincerely yours / Yours ever / Yours 等,其后要加上逗号。
签名一般写在结束语的下一行,且应写出全名。
2. 其他文体的写作特点
用书信体写作,其中还包含着许多其它的文体,具体如下:
( 1 )记叙文
记叙文最大的特点就是生动性。因此,在写记叙文类的书信时,要突出短文的生动性,通过合理的想像适当地增添或删减细节,但要注意详略得当,突出主题。常见的词汇或句型有: unexpectedly, eventually, without hesitation ( delay ) , be greatly shocked ( amazed ) by, at the very moment, extremely ( increasingly ) worried about, be terribly busy, on one's arrival ( return ) , at the thought of, on the second thought, completely worn out, rush over to the spot, be seriously hurt, be about to do when, be doing when, hardly when 等等。当然,写记叙文还应注意到短文的首尾呼应和故事结构的完整。
( 2 )说明文
说明文是说明客观事物的一种文体,它主要是说明事物的形态、性质、成因、构造、功能等特征。清晰、准确是说明文的最大特点,因此写说明文类的书信时,要注意理清要点,并能正确运用词汇或句型把内容表达清楚。
( 3 )议论文
议论文是一种独特的文体,它是通过议论或说理来表达作者的见解和主张的,通常要求短文条理清楚,论点鲜明,结构分明。因此,在写作时应通过分段落、立论点、找论据等途径理清议论文的结构和框架,以加强文章的层次感。常见的议论文中的词汇和经典句子有: hold the opinion ( view ), the reasons are as follows, first ( ly ) , second ( ly ) , for one thing, besides, apart from these, what's more, furthermore, even worse, worse still, what's worse, however, therefore 等。
3. 练习
假定你是某中学学生李华。最近,你班同学正在参加一个讨论会。本次讨论的话题是:父母的收入有没有必要让孩子知道?请根据下表所列情况给某报社写一封信,客观地介绍一下讨论的情况。
参考词汇:收入 income
析:( 1 )这是一篇含有议论文的书信,因而在写作时应开门见山地提出议论文的论点,本文的论点有两个:
①父母的收入应该让孩子知道;
②父母的收入没有必要让孩子知道。
( 2 )在确立各自的论点后,找出各自的论据来证明:论点
① a. 知道父母收入后,知其来之不易,能更加努力学习;
b. 知道父母收入后,可以理解家长的艰辛,学会俭省,为大人分忧。
论点② a. 如果知道父母收入较好,会助长乱花钱风气;
b. 知道父母收入后,会以为不用努力也能靠父母,影响学习动力。
( 3 )在清楚了书面表达的基本思路后,就要考虑运用议论文中常见的表达方式和好词佳句。
( 4 )注意书信的格式和表达方式。
One Possible Version :
Dear editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we recently had about whether we should know our parents' income.
We do have different opinions on this matter. About 70% of the students think we should know our parents' income for the following reasons. First, it will help us understand how hard our parents have to work after we know their income, no matter how much they earn. Second, we will study harder and will not waste money any more. Furthermore, we may also learn to share our parents' trouble.
However, about 30% of my classmates hold the opinion that it is unnecessary to let the children know how much their parents earn. Their reasons are as follows. For one thing, if they know their parents have enough money to support the family, they will not study hard. For another, if they do know, they will not worry about the future, especially when they know their parents have a relatively high income, the children will easily form a wasteful habit.
Yours
Li Hua
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