高中英语语法 动词不定式

Grammar: 动词不定式

Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能

1. 作主语：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.

不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。

The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.

How long did it take you to take roller coaster?

How terrible it is to take roller coaster?

不定式作主语常见句型：

a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式

b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式

eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.

c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式

eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.

2. 作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。

eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.

注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。

eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.

3.作宾语

The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.

a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等

2005年天津卷12题：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。

The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.

b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。

Eg. We have no choice but to wait.

Cf. We can do nothing but wait.

4. 宾语补足语

在SVOC句型中，许多动词都可以按不定式作宾语补足语。

a) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等

You should get them to help you.

但在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be作宾补，不跟to do

eg. They believe him to be honest.

b) 以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to

①一些表示致使意义的动词，如：let, have, make等

②一些表示感觉的动词，如：hear, feel, see, watch, notice等

Dont let the children trouble you.

I heard someone open the door.

但当这两类动词为被动态时，不定式就成了主补。作主补的不定式必须加上to

His father made him go to bed early.

He was made to go to bed early by his father.

5. 作定语

不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。

以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：

①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan等

eg. He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.

②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等

eg. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.

③序数词形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：

She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.

Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。

Eg. Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. 主谓关系

Ive no time to listen to your excuse. 同位关系

She has a meeting to attend. (动宾关系=attend a meeting)

Theres nothing to worry about. (动宾关系=worry about nothing)

6. 作状语

不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。

①to, in order to , so as to (不能放在句首)作目的状语

2005年辽宁卷22题：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving

②在soas to, such.as to, only to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。

He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.

③enough to, tooto结构

eg. The boy isnt old enough to go to school.

= The boy is too young to go to school.

④形容词(happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等)+ 不定式结构

eg. Im glad to meet you.

The question is different to answer.

He is hard to get along with.

7. 作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如to be frank(坦白地说)，to be sure(确实)等。

Eg. To tell you the truth, I hate you.

8. 作同位语

eg. The order to start the general attack soon came.

不定式的复合结构，以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。

It is necessary for me to learn English well.

如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。

eg. Its very kind of you to come to see me.

连接代(副)词+不定式(包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, 不包括why)，在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在诸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作宾、主语或表语。

Eg. No one can tell me where to find John.

When to the exam is still unknown.

The problem is how to get enough money.

不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式

①不定式的进行式由to be + V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。

Eg. Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.

②不定式完成式由to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。

Eg. 2005年江苏卷No.25

--- Is Bob still performing?

--- Im afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official.

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left

答案是A

③不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ing和完成式被动to have been V-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。

Eg. It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

2005年辽宁卷No.22

All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving Grammar: 动词不定式

Ⅰ. 不定式句法功能

1. 作主语：The cat said, To take roller coaster is terrible.

不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。

The cat said, Its terrible to take roller coaster.

How long did it take you to take roller coaster?

How terrible it is to take roller coaster?

不定式作主语常见句型：

a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式

b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式

eg. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.

c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式

eg. It requires patience to be a good teacher.

2. 作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。

eg. Our most important task now is to make a plan.

注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。

eg. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.

3.作宾语

The cat said Remember not to take it next time!.

a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等

2005年天津卷12题：I dont want _____ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded

当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it作形式宾语，常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。

The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.

b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。