A 形式
to have+过去分词:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示未完成的计划或安排
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房子本应该今天竣工。(但现在还没有)
2与 should, would, might和 could一起构成条件完成时
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时要是看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没有履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没有这样做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他说谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未实现的愿望
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用,表示过去没有利用的能力或过去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来能够赚到许多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(也许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed that he didnt tell me.
他没告诉我,我很不高兴。
7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:
He may/might have left.相当于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你可能会送了命的!
8 与cant/couldnt连用表示否定的推论
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他自己搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it,because he had no money.
我们知道不可能是他付了这笔钱,因为他没钱。
9 与must连用表示肯定的推论
He must have come this way; here are his footprints.
他一定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与neednt连用表示过去不必要的行为
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那么着急。现在我们到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw.
你本来不必把它烧熟。我们本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seems that he is
我们的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看起来像一名优秀的运动员。相当于:
It seemed that he was
那时我们的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been
他看来曾经是相当于:
It seems that he was
我们的印象是他曾经是
He seemed to have been
那时看来他曾经是相当于:
It seemed that he had been
那时我们的印象是他曾经是
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.相当于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended to have read the book.相当于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装曾经读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据了解他已经离开了这个国家。
3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那么常见:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.相当于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/希望到 6月份能完成。
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