英语阅读中,我们常常会遇到一些不认识的短语或单词,又或者认识的单词短语在文章中被赋予了新意义和解释。当这些单词短语并不阻碍理解文章的主要内容时,我们通常便可以忽略它,但如果这些词汇短语影响了对文章的理解,这就需要我们来根据上下文来猜测单词或短语在文中的意思了。这种情况下,掌握猜词的技巧则显得尤为重要。猜测词义可以在一定程度上考查考生的逻辑推断能力,也是阅读能力的一个重要组成部分,频繁出现在各种考试中。在英语阅读中根据上下文猜测词义,有助于锻炼同学们分析问题、解决问题的能力,有助于扩大词汇量。
通常,猜测词义可采用以下几种方法:
一、定义猜词法
即根据定义猜测词义的方法。需要定义或解释的单词或短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中的关键词,作者为了使读者正确理解它们,就得做出较浅显的解释或说明。
例一:Giraffe is an animal with a very long neck, four legs and orange skin with dark spots.
根据后面对 Giraffe 的解释,它的词义为长颈鹿。
例二:Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定义可知 Anthropology 的词义为研究人类的科学即人类学。
例三:What is plagiarism? It is using others ideas and words without clearly mentioning where the information is from.
根据定义我们知道plagiarism的词义为剽窃。
二、定语从句
定语从句对先行词起限定、修饰或解释作用,因此我们可以利用定语从句来推测先行词的词义。
例一:Second generation Puerto Ricans who were born in New York but who have returned to the island, are called Nuvoricans.
Nuvoricans 的词义可以由Second generation Puerto Ricans后面的两个定语从句来得到, 即生在纽约,后又回到波多黎各的人。
例二:Psychophysiology is a science which deals with the relationship between mind and body.
根据定语从句我们可以看出Psychophysiology的意思为身心联系的科学,即心理生理学。
三、同位短语或同位语从句
同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也用破折号、分号、引号和括号连接。
例一:According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of ten German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury.
根据句法结构的知识,我们知道The Lancet是the British medical magazine的同位语,由此可知The Lancet是一个杂志的名称。
例二:Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.
两个逗号中间的短语the study of the meaning of words是Semantics的同位语,意为对词义进行研究的科学, 即语义学。
四、对比结构
寻找文中相互对比、相互对照的线索来确定生词的含义。
在此类文章中,通常会出现一些表示意义转折、对比的词语:however, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, instead of, while, unlike, not, although, yet, despite, in spite of, in contrast, etc.
例一: A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.
根据句法结构可知the adept workers和 the unskilled ones.为对比关系,意义相反。由the unskilled ones可推出the adept workers为熟练工人。
例二:Someone liked milk, but others abhorred it.
通过but我们知道abhor是like的反义词,意为厌恶。
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