雅思写作Cohesive Device评分探析

　　在官方公布的写作评分描述中有一项Coherence and Cohesion 。这一项是涉及要点最多，却最为广大教学工作者和学生所忽视的一项。该项目涉及三大要点：文章信息点安排(information and ideas organization)、衔接手段和分段.其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的评分描述中被重点强调。

　　本文将重点关注该项目中所提到的Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)。

　　Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二条原文：

　　Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use

　　6分第二条原文为：

　　Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;

　　6分第三条提到：

　　May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately

　　与之对应的5分第二条为：

　　Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices

　　5 分第三条为：

　　May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution

　　由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出，referencing(指代关系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(衔接手段)的表现，而且是确定分值的重要参考标准。

　　那么这里反复提到的Cohesive Device(衔接手段)究竟是什么呢?

　　Cohesive Device:(衔接手段)定义：

　　能使信息的逻辑关系更清晰的各种英语字符。

　　逻辑关系主要涉及：并列或递进关系、让步或转折关系、因果关系和举列。

　　具体来看，可分成以下三类：

　　Lexical aspect:(词汇方面)

　　Linking word(连词)：

　　并列或递进关系：and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等

　　让步或转折关系：but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等

　　因果关系：because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;

　　举例：like

　　Linking phrase：

　　并列或递进关系：not onlybut also; as well as; either in addition; apart from that; beyond that

　　让步或转折关系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of， It is true that

　　因果关系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result ; in that case

　　举例：for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as

　　Adverb ：

　　并列或递进关系：additionally; similarly; alternatively;

　　让步或转折关系: surprisingly; admittedly

　　因果关系: consequently; eventually;

　　举例：especially;